Int. Understanding ions is vital when it comes to electron movement and bonding in chemistry. Wang, Y. et al. The resulting compound carries a neutral electrical charge. Solution Magnesium's position in the periodic table (group 2) tells us that it is a metal. 13, 961969 (2014). For example, when chlorine takes an electron from sodium, and sodium gives that electron to chlorine, they become ions and form NaCl. S9. CAS See Answer Question: Calculate the number of cations and anions in each of the following compounds. For (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte, the voltage profile is stable over 900h, which indicates that SEI formed by (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI sufficiently protects the Li-metal surface and minimizes the undesired side reactions under the current testing condition. The significance of this fluorinated cation undoubtedly extends to other advanced battery systems beyond lithium, all of which universally require kinetic protection of highly fluorinated interphases. Recall that the atomic radius is half the distance between two nuclei of neutral atoms. It can be helpful to write out the empirical formula so you can identify the ions that make up the compound. 14, 60306040 (2021). 1a). d PMpyrf+ and PMpyr+ oxidation pathway on NMC622 cathode. Enter your answers in scientific notation. Chen, S. et al. The projectoraugmented wave (PAW) method49 was used to describe the wave functions of the ionic cores; and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) PBE functional was used to account for the electron exchange-correlation effects50. Energy Mater. J. Chem. Harnessing the surface structure to enable high-performance cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Most ionic compounds are made up of two elements: a metal and a non-metal. Rev. Adjust the subscripts of the cation and anion so the net charge is 0. For example, \(\ce{F^-}\) is the fluoride ion, while \(\ce{O^{2-}}\) is the oxide ion. Verma, P., Maire, P. & Novk, P. A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries. C 122, 1067510681 (2018). The stable overpotential also suggests that the Li surface area is relatively maintained during Li plating/stripping process, which could be due to the more densely packed columnar Li morphology in (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte, as shown in Fig. Kresse, G. & Furthmuller, J. The excellent Li-metal compatibility with (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI is further demonstrated by Li/Li symmetric cell using a thin Li foil of 20m. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. and Z.Z. The definition of an ion is a particle, atom, or molecule with an imbalance of electrical charge. Less electron repulsion results in a smaller ionic radius. The difference between a cation and an anion is the net electrical charge of the ion . Magnesium and nitrogen react to form an ionic compound. May 7, 2022 2.5: Chemical Compounds 2.7: Nomenclature Robert Belford University of Arkansas at Little Rock Table of contents Introduction Coulomb's Law Crystal Lattice and Principle of Charge Neutrality Properties of Ionic Compounds Monatomic Ions Monatomic Cations: Monatomic Anions: Polyatomic Ions Oxyanions Carboxylate ions & Andersen, O. K. Band theory and Mott insulatorsHubbard-U instead of Stoner-I. Xu, K. Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. 4 minutes If an atom, or atoms, has a balanced number of electrons (negative charge) and protons (positive charge) they are neutral overall. ISSN 2041-1723 (online). As we have learned from the knowledge in LIB electrolytes, the latter strongly implies the preferential cation reduction to form interphases on Li0. Inter. Now that we know the definition of ions and the differences between them, its time to go over ionic radii. Rev. Ren, X. et al. The term "ion" is used to refer to a charged atom, whatever the sign of the charge might be. In order to this, carbon shares its 4 valence electrons through the usage of a single, double, or triple bond as doing anything else is highly unfavorable. The simulations were carried out in a high-performance mode with version 2.14 of NAMD58, a greatly scalable molecular dynamic program used to render an atom-by-atom representation of biomolecules, created at the University of Illinois. At decreased cation concentration, NMC cathode cycles only shows about a 2-nm surface transition layer (Fig. Energy Mater. Mater. Thus, compounds with cations in octahedral holes in a closest-packed array of anions can have a maximum cation:anion ratio of 1:1. Gaussian 16 Rev. The number of atoms for the simulated systems range between 418,300 and 418,600, and dimension of each simulation cell is ~100100560, including a 125 vacuum between the anode and image of the cathode to eliminate spurious long-range interactions. PubMed Central Nat. Localized High-concentration sulfone electrolytes for high-efficiency lithium-metal. USA 118, e2020357118 (2021). 5, 14381447 (2020). Carbon can gain or lose electrons based on the situation but the formation of carbocations or carbanions is typically difficult to stabilize. Carbon needs to gain or lose 4 electrons to reach a noble gas configuration (or a stable configuration). Again, a stable cycling is achieved by (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte in the half-cell. This is because, during a process known as electrolysis, cations are attracted to the negatively charged cathode, while anions are attracted to the positively charged anode. Fong, R., von Sacken, U. Groups 1,2, 4, and 14 tend to form cations by losing electrons. All simulations adopt Periodic Boundary Condition under constant NVT condition. Adams, B. D., Zheng, J., Ren, X., Xu, W. & Zhang, J.-G. This video highlights the difference between cations and anions clearly explaining what they are and how they're made.My Website: https://www.video-tutor.ne. The submitted manuscript has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory. Holoubek, J. et al. Gen 2, (PMpyrf)0.8Li0.2FSI and (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolytes were also examined in Li/Li symmetric cells (Fig. Identify the compound whose solubility you want to check. The word ion was first introduced by Michael Faraday in 1834 to describe a substance he observed moving through a current. The nearly identical cycling performance for (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte in both half and full-cells within 100 cycles also indicates its high Li-metal compatibility. 2c, f). (n.d.). High-efficiency lithium metal batteries with fire-retardant electrolytes. Naming anions is slightly different than naming cations. _______ are stable because they have full valence electrons; thus they do not tend to form ions. Chemistry 1. Ren, X. et al. An atom can become negatively charged when it gains electrons (anions) and vice-versa (positively charged) when it loses electrons (cations). Within chemistry, we write cations with a + sign and anions with a sign. At this composition, the interfacial structure, as well as the static distribution of the electrolyte components, becomes less adsorbed on both electrode surfaces (Fig. Anions include halogens and nonmetals. As for the second part, we write an -ide ending for binary compounds. 1c, red dash line). Daniela Lin, StudySmarter Originals. Finally, combine the two ions to form an electrically neutral compound. Ions are usually designated with + or - signs in addition to a numeral symbol that represents how many electrons it has gained or lost. & Zhang, Z. The voltage profile also demonstrates a characteristic peaking behavior (Supplementary Fig. Wang, C., Meng, Y. S. & Xu, K. Perspectivefluorinating interphases. The reaction energy for the FSI, PMpyrf+, and PMpyr+ activations are 6.82, 6.55, and 3.14eV, respectively. Apparatus Needed: To be done by students. Tan, J., Matz, J., Dong, P., Shen, J. The fluorination brings unique interfacial structure and subsequent interphasial chemistries on both Li0 anode and high nickel cathode. Li[Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2]O2 as a superior alternative to LiFePO4 for long-lived low voltage Li-ion cells. S1). Phys. (PMpyrf)0.8Li0.2FSI and (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolytes were prepared by dissolving LiFSI (Nippon ShokuBai Co., Ltd.) in PMpyrfFSI with 4/1 and 1/1 molar ratio in an argon-filled glovebox. OpenStax. Have all your study materials in one place. This indicates that F-substitution indeed renders PMpyrfFSI more resistant against oxidation, as predicted by the downshift of HOMO/LUMO energy. For example, Na is the cation and Cl is the anion in NaCl (table salt). 2d, e). A polyatomic ion is an ion composed of more than 1 atom. 9, 35433556 (2013). Chem. Explore our app and discover over 50 million learning materials for free. Source data are provided with this paper. As indicated by the density of states (Supplementary Fig. Jung, S.-K. et al. An electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) line scan was conducted from the primary particle surface to the bulk. A 63 m superconcentrated aqueous electrolyte for high-energy Li-ion batteries. Mater. With F-substitution, PMpyrf+ is more active towards reduction in comparison with PMpyr+ and is almost as active as FSI anion. Commun. W.J. Funct. Liu, Q., Jiang, W., Yang, Z. The separator was a glass micro-fiber disc, and the total electrolyte amount is 100L. K.P. Rev. Soc. Their positive charges come from the fact that they have more protons than electrons. 5e and Supplementary Fig. Although both of these ions have higher charges than the ions in lithium bromide, they still balance each other in a one-to-one ratio. Now that weve taken a look at some examples of cations and anions through an ionic compound reaction. 12, 2103360 (2022). Google Scholar. Each trajectory lasts 20ns and the last 10ns was adopted to do a statistical average. In comparison, cations have a smaller ionic radius when compared to the same elements atomic radius. (1) in Methods. The spectra were obtained using an Al K radiation (h=1486.6eV) beam (100m, 25W), with Ar+ and electron beam sample neutralization, in Fixed Analyzer Transmission mode with a pass energy of 11.75eV. Hence, in the broader context, a cation bearing CF bonds is a highly coveted structure, because its presence, along with fluorinated anions and solvent molecules, would ensure maximum and balanced fluorination of interphases on both anode and cathode surfaces. 4c). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The new cation that carries fluorine will cast significant impact on emerging battery chemistries that desperately need tailored interphasial chemistries. Ren, X. et al. Nat. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. This demonstrated that deprotonation could also participate in SEI formation, however, the defluorination is the dominating pathway. 143, 38093820 (1996). To mimic the decomposition during charge state, the potential energy surface with consideration of e transfer after adsorption is constructed and shown in Supplementary Fig. Blochl, P. E. Projector augmented-wave method. As mentioned above, ions are charged molecules. This means that normally an atom has zero charge. Double replacement reactions have two ionic compounds that are exchanging anions or cations. We should be comfortable identifying ions, cations, and anions. Keep in mind that electrons are negatively charged, (-) which means that when we LOSE them our atom becomes positively charged,+, and when an atom gains electrons it becomes negatively charged, -. 15, 21792186 (2019). Zhang, H., Liu, X., Li, H., Hasa, I. 4a). Apparently, what was brought by fluorination is the improvement in thermodynamic stability against oxidation on cathode surfaces, as well as a strong tendency to decompose on the Li0 anode. Where does the term ion come from and why? Both PMpyrfFSI-based electrolytes demonstrated substantially higher CE, with (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI showing a higher CE of 97.9% compared to 96.5% for (PMpyrf)0.8Li0.2FSI. The (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte also demonstrates stable cycling performance under differentUCV, as shown in Supplementary Fig. Becke, A. D. Density-functional thermochemistry.3. 5, 968974 (2020). When an ionic compound is formed from magnesium and oxygen, the magnesium ion has a 2+ charge, and the oxygen atom has a 2 charge. Deprotonation pathway was also considered for the PMpyrf+ cation decomposition, this mechanism is exothermic by 0.66eV (Fig. Xu, K. Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond. By optimizing cation concentration in inner-Helmholtz layer, the strong electrode/cation surface interaction caused by fluorination can be attenuated and its optimal interphasial contribution can be achieved, which leads to high Coulombic efficiency, densely packed Li morphology, and excellent cycling stability of the 4.6V lithium-metal battery. To evaluate the reducibility of the cation and anion of the IL with and without F-substitution, reduction potential was computed using Eq. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation sheds light on the electrode/electrolyte interfacial structure in such batteries. This means that normally an atom has zero charge. A fluorinated cation introduces new interphasial chemistries to enable high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Adv. Soc. The chemical formula of a compound is always written with the cation first, followed by the anion. Thank you for visiting nature.com. No intra- or inter-granular cracking is observed, and after 300 cycles, the CEI is only about 1nm thick, and the EELS line scan shows similar pre-peaks from surface to bulk. & Pack, J. D. Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations. Figure 4: Ion exchange illustration. Kang, J., Kim, K. C. & Jang, S. S. Density functional theory modeling-assisted investigation of thermodynamics and redox properties of boron-doped corannulenes for cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. The illustration above will be expanded upon below with Lewis Dot Diagrams, but for now, it is important to understand the convention associated with how we write ions. Phys. This increase in electron repulsion pushes electrons further apart, resulting in a larger ionic radius. Phys. Xue, W. et al. The number symbol written next to the charges indicates how many electrons the atom has lost or gained, respectively. For binary ionic compounds (ionic compounds that contain only two types of elements), the compounds are named by writing the name of the cation first followed by the name of the anion. One of these substances is resin. Write the symbol for each ion and name them. ACS Central Sci. Ni/Li disordering in layered transition metal oxide: electrochemical impact, origin, and control. Its all right! Chem. & Ye, M. A growing appreciation for the role of LiF in the solid electrolyte interphase. Res. Procedure: Anion Group Test - Preliminary Final Anion Test - Confirmatory Cation Group Test - Preliminary Final Cation Test - Confirmatory Shortcuts to Identify Ions Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. Cycled NMC622 was recovered from the cycled half-cells for surface morphology and chemical structure analysis. In each HSA simulation, 64 independent trajectories were generated, and all of them were used to get a statistical average of structural properties. This is an important step in coming up with the name of an ionic compound when roman numerals. S11e, f). Cation-exchange resins are composed of negatively charged sulfonate groups. Everything you need to know on . Anions have a greater ionic radius when compared to the same elements atomic radius. Sci. Mater. To obtain To achieve this, we will use Lewis Diagrams. 6, 616 (2018). 8, 1702097 (2018). Stable lithium electrodeposition in liquid and nanoporous solid electrolytes. S3), the significant orbital overlapping between Li-p orbital and Fs and p orbitals indicates the strong interaction. The morphologies and the elemental mapping of the cycled electrodes were examined using SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) using the JOEL JCM-6000-PLUS. How does carbon gain or lose 4 electrons? Writing Formulas of Salts . Soc. of the users don't pass the Ions: Anions and Cations quiz! Liu, Q., Jiang, W., Xu, J. et al. Therefore, the introduction of fluorine renders the reduction of PMpyrf+ much more favored than PMpyr+, while such difference in reactivity is primarily due to the strong interaction between the F and Li (110) surface. CAS Before looking at the formation of ionic compounds, we need to understand which elements on the periodic table are likely to form cations or anions. Schafer, A., Huber, C. & Ahlrichs, R. Fully optimized contracted Gaussian-basis sets of triple zeta valence quality for atoms Li to Kr. An ion is a molecule with a net charge thats not zero. Nature Communications thanks Yan Zhao, and the other, anonymous, reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. S11b, c). Monolithic solidelectrolyte interphases formed in fluorinated orthoformate-based electrolytes minimize Li depletion and pulverization. Chem. Article Nature Communications Cation: an ion with a positive (+) net charge. Power Sour. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Chem. Peled, E. & Menkin, S. ReviewSEI: past, present and future. Precipitation reactions produce an insoluble product from two aqueous reactants, and you can identify a precipitation reaction using solubility rules. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Cell testing was conducted at 30C. Article ac Voltage profile of an Aurbach test using a Gen 2, b (PMpyrf)0.8Li0.2FSI, and c (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. After 300 cycles, the surface impedance in (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte cell is only slightly increased (Supplementary Fig. Adv. Similar performance is also observed in long-term cycling of Li/Cu cells (Fig. Energy 4, 796805 (2019). Adv. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Cao, X. et al. 6a). The polar part reacts with water and forms compounds while the nonpolar part is a hydrocarbon . Cao, X. et al. Sort by: Their negative charges come from the fact that they have more electrons than protons. Scalable molecular dynamics with NAMD. This restricted source brings an intrinsic disadvantage to the desired chemistry of interphases, because these fluorinated precursors could not populate the inner-Helmholtz layers of the electrode surface of a high Fermi energy level, such as Li0 anode, hence their participation in the interphasial chemistry thereon was consequently handicapped. This capacity was well-retained, with only 3mAh/g lost during the first 100 cycles, at an average coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.9%. Matter 4, 12521273 (2021). Meanwhile, the FSI decomposition is also highly likely (Supplementary Fig. The resultant ionic liquid was dried in a lyophilizer for at least two days, then stored in 4 molecular sieves and filtered before use. Industrial Eng. The equations of motion were integrated with a 2fs time step, using Langevin dynamics at a temperature of 300K. To overcome the slow dynamics due to the high viscosity of the simulated systems, Hamiltonian simulated annealing method (HSA)61 was employed to accelerate the equilibration of MD trajectories. S2a,S2b. Figure 5: Illustration of the periodic table with ionic charges shown. Soc. The electrolyte interfacial structure alteration causes corresponding changes in solidelectrolyteinterphase (SEI) and cathodeelectrolyteinterphase (CEI) chemistries, which are revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Subtracting a Shirley background and then fitting the spectra to multiple Gaussian peaks was performed on all spectra using the Multipack software from Physical Electronics. Answer a: Answer b: Answer c: Be aware that ionic compounds are empirical formulas and so must be written as the lowest ratio of the ions. Electrochim. Naming Ionic Compounds Using -ite and -ate. These results suggest that a good NMC622 surface protection is enabled by (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte. Q.L., W.J., K.X., and Z.Z. However, the orbital overlapping cannot be found for H interacting with the Li (110) surface. In order to explore the electronic properties of the ionic liquid with and without F-substitution, Gaussian calculations were carried out using Gaussian 0955 simulation package with B3LYP functional and TZVP basis set56,57. 3.2: Ions. Although fluorination of the cation favors the desired interfacial structure and interphasial chemistry of high fluorine abundance, excess PMpyrf+ content in the electrolyte does increase bulk viscosity and leads to lower ion transport and higher interfacial impedance (Supplementary Fig. 7a), while the interfacial impedance is much lower, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 4, 1300787 (2014). 52, 22012209 (2019). For all calculations, the convergence criterion for the self-consistent iteration is 1105eV; and the ionic relaxations stop when the force on each atom is less than 0.05eV/. Mater. In comparison with PMpyr+ cation, the deprotonation becomes more thermodynamically favored (0.66 vs. 0.26eV), which could be due to the presence of electron-withdrawing F that weakens the CH bond that shares the same carbon. Create and find flashcards in record time. However, PMpyrf+ undergoes reductive decomposition with CF cleavage, which is exothermic by 3.67eV, as compared with CH cleavage that is exothermic by 0.26eV, followed by the ring-opening process, which is exothermic by 0.87eV (Fig. Anion formation (-): Groups 15, 16, and 17 tend to form anions by gaining electrons. J. Electrochem. Gen 2 electrolyte consumes all Li inventory within only three cycles and displays a low CE of 45.0%. J. Electrochem. Liu, Q., Hsu, C.-W., Dzwiniel, T. L., Pupek, K. Z. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Comparative study of imide-based Li salts as electrolyte additives for Li-ion batteries. For (PMpyrf)0.8Li0.2FSI electrolyte, the initial overpotential is slightly higher compared to (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte, regardless of its lower viscosity, which suggests the excessive SEI formed by the fluorinated cation in (PMpyrf)0.8Li0.2FSI electrolyte has higher surface impedance. performed the DFT calculations. Test yourself on CCEA GCSE Chemistry - Identify the ions in an ionic compound Rev. PubMed J.X., D.-J.Y., and C.L. Chem. 1b; purple-F on the PMpyrf+ backbone; yellow-FSI; green-Li+. A thick CEI layer of 8nm is observed, suggesting more electrolyte decomposition on the surface that provides sufficient protection against electron tunneling, but meanwhile introduces excessive interfacial impedance to Li+-migration. This result is consistent with poor high-voltage performance in Gen 2 electrolyte and high surface impedance, as shown in Supplementary Fig. These anions are called oxyanions. Its because of these charge differences that cations and anions behave differently in processes like electrolysis. We can also use Lewis dot diagrams to show electron transfer in ionic compounds, which is precisely what we are going to do now. On the NMC622 cathode side, PMpyrFSI and PMpyrfFSI bind equally strong with Mn sites through the cation part with cation adsorption energy of 0.44eV and 0.43eV, respectively; however, the adsorption is much weaker when binding through anion part (0.39eV). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Automated force field parameterization for nonpolarizable and polarizable atomic models based on ab initio target data. performed the molecular dynamics simulations. The voltage profiles of (PMpyrf)0.8Li0.2FSI and (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI show the arcing behavior corresponding to a diffusion-controlled process (Supplementary Fig. & Dahn, J. R. Studies of lithium intercalation into carbons using nonaqueous electrochemical cells. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. (a) The covalent atomic radius, rcov, is half the distance between the nuclei of two like atoms joined by a covalent bond in the same molecule, such as Cl 2. Sign up to highlight and take notes. How to know what ions are cation and anion formulas? Ed. e Voltage profile of Li/Li symmetric cell with current density of 0.5mA/cm2. Therefore, we will only consider cation oxidation during the charging cycle. What is the difference between ion anion and cation? S11a) that is ascribed to different resistances of dendrite formation (nucleation), dendrite dissolution, bulk dissolution, and pitting from bulk Li surface38. Energy 4, 269280 (2019). Kang Xu or Zhengcheng Zhang. USA 117, 7379 (2020). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (STEM) reveals a difference in the surface structure change (Fig. Figure 6: Examples of ion transfer shown in an ionic compound reaction where Sodium Chloride and Magnesium Oxide are produced. When an element forms two oxyanions, the one with less oxygen is given a name ending in -ite and the one with more oxygen are given a name that ends in -ate. The most striking difference is observed for the (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte cycled cathode. The ending of the element's name is dropped and replaced with the -ide suffix. Potential energy surfaces were also constructed based on DFT calculations. Some polyatomic anions contain oxygen. (b) The metallic atomic radius, rmet, is half the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent atoms in a pure solid metal, such as aluminum. 13, 212220 (2020). However, if they are not balanced, they will be charged. PubMed & Cohen, H. A comparative study of synthetic graphite and Li electrodes in electrolyte solutions based on ethylene carbonatedimethyl carbonate mixtures. For more detailed naming conventions for ionic compounds, please refer to our Ionic and Molecular Compounds main article. The result is that the atom becomes a cation an ion with a net positive charge. Cutoff voltage for all NMC622/Li cells is 4.63.0V. The half-cell performance at 4.6V was also evaluated with Gen 2 and (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte (Supplementary Fig. S10a). Metals form positive ions (cations). Transition Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution, Variable Oxidation State of Transition Elements, Intramolecular Force and Potential Energy, Structure, Composition & Properties of Metals and Alloys, Prediction of Element Properties Based on Periodic Trends, Reaction Quotient and Le Chatelier's Principle. This research used the Leadership Computing Facility resource at Argonne National Laboratory, which is supported by DOE Office of Science under Contract No. Article The process of softening water, through ion exchange, is shown above. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Aurbach test: 3mAh/cm2 Li reservoir is plated on the Cu foil using 0.1mA/cm2, then 0.6mAh/cm2 Li was stripped/plated for ten cycles before completely stripped to 1V. XPS analysis was conducted on a PHI 5000 VersaProbe II system (Physical Electronics) with a base pressure of 2109torr. J. Comput. Despite the various efforts of fluorinating the interphases, including the most recent super-concentrated14,15,16 or locally-concentrated electrolytes17,18,19,20,21,22,23 as well as all-fluorinated electrolytes24,25,26,27,28, the chemical sources of these interphasial fluorine formed in all the investigated electrolytes have been restricted to two classes of species: (1) the fluorinated salt anions (PF6, BF4, or the newly developed bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, TFSI, or bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, FSI) that bear negative charge and (2) fluorinated solvent molecules that bear no charge. Meanwhile, anion-exchange resins contain positively charged amine surfaces. Lu, Y., Tu, Z. 4, 18771892 (2018). By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Apparently, the (PMpyrf)0.5Li0.5FSI electrolyte achieved a proper balance of providing sufficient protection of the cathode surface while minimizing resistance to ion transport. Nat. Ultra-high-voltage Ni-rich layered cathodes in practical Li metal batteries enabled by a sulfonamide-based electrolyte. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. When a stable atom gains or loses an electron, it becomes an ion. Soc. In this article, we will discuss polyatomic ions. Peled, E. The electrochemical behavior of alkali and alkaline earth metals in nonaqueous battery systemsthe solid electrolyte interphase model.
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