2018;27(6):562-569. doi: 10.1159/000493392. Intense short-term heat exposure elevates skin temperature and core body temperature and activates thermoregulatory pathways via the hypothalamus [18] and CNS (central nervous system) leading to activation of the autonomic nervous system. Minett G. M., Skein M., Bieuzen F., et al. Search dates were chosen to focus on updated findings reflecting advancing technology in both diagnostics and physiological monitoring to build upon the foundational literature of prior nonsystematic clinical reviews of sauna activity published in the early 2000s. Risk of bias was initially assessed by investigator JH as low, unclear, or high and then confirmed by investigator MC. Sauna . A. We aimed to investigate whether frequency of sauna bathing is associated with the levels of serum C-reactive protein. Their findings included a 66% risk reduction [HR 0.34 (0.160.71), p = 0.004] of dementia, a 65% risk reduction [HR 0.35 (0.140.90), p = 0.03] of Alzheimer's disease, a 63% risk reduction [HR 0.37 (0.180.75), p = 0.005] of sudden cardiac death, and a 40% risk reduction [HR 0.60 (0.460.80), p < 0.001] of all-cause mortality [38, 39]. Before Haemodynamic and hormonal responses to heat exposure in a Finnish sauna bath. Gayda M., Bosquet L., Paillard F., et al. Cardiovascular and thermal response to dry-sauna exposure in healthy subjects. Joy Hussain is supported by a Ph.D. scholarship from the Jacka Foundation. Tei C., Shinsato T., Miyata M., Kihara T., Hamasaki S. Waon therapy improves peripheral arterial disease. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Shinsato et al. Chen K.-J., Chen T.-H., Sue Y.-M., Chen T.-J., Cheng C.-Y. Zech M., Bosel S., Tuthorn M., et al. Sauna bathing is inexpensive and widely accessible with Finnish-style saunas more often used in family, group, and public settings and infrared saunas more commonly built and marketed for individual use. Kukkonen-Harjula K., Oja P., Vuori I., et al. Other interventional studies employed a combination of subjective and objective measures. Only on day 2 assessment, a decrease in symptom severity scoring was detected in treatment versus control groups [1.0 (2.00.1), p = 0.04, 95% CI] but this finding was not sustained through days 3, 5, and 7 of study. Heat therapy is best suited for chronic pain . Of the 25 studies involving infrared sauna, all used far-infrared types except Ross and Sternquist 2012, which employed a full-spectrum infrared sauna as part of a detoxification protocol for policemen [69]. The reviewed studies included a total of 3855 participants living in 12 different countries. Detailed comparative analysis of adverse effects between studies was limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneity of sauna types and study design (many without control groups), and inconsistent reporting of adverse side effects within outcome measures. This trend is capitalising on the call for additional lifestyle interventions to enhance health and wellness particularly in populations that have difficulty exercising (e.g., obesity, chronic heart failure, chronic renal failure, and chronic liver disease) [9]. Lee E, Kolunsarka I, Kostensalo J, Ahtiainen JP, Haapala EA, Willeit P, Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. Saikhun J., Kitiyanant Y., Vanadurongwan V., Pavasuthipaisit K. Effects of sauna on sperm movement characteristics of normal men measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Thermal therapy: a viable adjunct in the treatment of heart failure? Changes in the lipid profile of blood serumin women taking sauna baths of various duration. -, Am J Hypertens. The .gov means its official. Further studies are also required to explore the mechanisms by which sauna bathing exerts physiological, psychological, and metabolic effects, as well as to better define the benefits and risks of distinct types of saunas and the optimal frequency and duration of sauna bathing for beneficial health effects. "What's happening mimics exercise when you think of the physiology," explains Dr. Young. This suggests that heat stress, whether induced by infrared or Finnish-style sauna, causes significant sweating that is likely to lead to hormetic adaptation and beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic effects. One study found that sauna therapy lowered markers of oxidative stress, a potential source of inflammation. Saunas cleanse the skin, reduce inflammation . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Studies involving predominantly high-humidity (>50%) wet/steam sauna or immersion hydrotherapy were excluded for the potential confounding mechanisms of differential sweating rates and explicit focus of this review limited to dry sauna interventions. According to the study, temperature at head level ranges from 80 to 100. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Sobajima M., Nozawa T., Ihori H., et al. Miyata M., Kihara T., Kubozono T., et al. Ross G. H., Sternquist M. C. Methamphetamine exposure and chronic illness in police officers: significant improvement with sauna-based detoxification therapy. It is currently unclear whether steam saunas invoke the same degree of physiological responses as dry saunas [20], as the higher humidity results in water condensation on the skin and reduced evaporation of sweat [21]. Exposure to heat increases cardiac output and reduces peripheral vascular resistance and induces other physiological changes in cardiovascular parameters such as decreased systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure [31, 35, 37, 4649, 60, 65], increased HRV (heart rate variability) [33, 36, 57], improved cardiac function markers [31, 33, 35, 36, 40, 42, 46, 48], and improved flow-mediated arterio- and vasodilatation of small and/or large blood vessels [34, 40, 42, 45, 4749]. The direct adverse effects of heat may also be responsible for the impairment of sperm counts, concentration, and motility and upregulation of heat-stress-related genes reported in the sperm of 10 healthy men after a 3-month course of Finnish-style sauna [27]. 2007 compared VAS for leg pain as well as 6MWD (6-minute walking distance), ABI (ankle/brachial index), leg blood flows with Doppler laser imaging and angiography, gene expression levels of CD34+ blood cells and serum levels of VEGF, and nitrates and nitrites in patients hospitalised with peripheral artery disease [34, 45]. Sauna therapy (including infrared) is an ancient method of detoxifying and healing the body, mind, and spirit. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Seven of these 19 studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with only one of them meeting the Cochrane criteria for an acceptably low risk of bias. A. Sauna bathing and incident hypertension: a prospective cohort study. De Giovanni N., Fucci N. The current status of sweat testing for drugs of abuse: a review. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Wessapan T., Rattanadecho P. Heat transfer analysis of the human eye during exposure to sauna therapy. The effect of sauna bathing on lipid profile in young, physically active, male subjects. A Japanese single-group study of 44 patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia with or without another rheumatological disorder (i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Behcet's disease, or aortitis syndrome) reported subjective improvements in VAS (visual analogue scale) pain scores (p < 0.001), reduced symptoms based upon FIQ (fibromyalgia impact questionnaire) (p < 0.001), improved quality of life indicators on SF-36 (short form 36-item) questionnaire (p < 0.010.05), and objective findings of fewer number of tender points (p < 0.01) palpated on physical exam after 12 weeks of combined far-infrared sauna and underwater exercise therapy [56]. The effect of six-weeks of sauna on treatment autonomic nervous system, peak nasal inspiratory flow and lung functions of allergic rhinitis Thai patients. Garolla A., Torino M., Sartini B., et al. Another study of patients with peripheral arterial disease (n = 21) reported transient leg pain in one participant during a first infrared sauna session with the pain improving after completing a few sauna sessions and disappearing altogether by the end of the 6-week study [34]. 2001 Feb 1;110(2):118-26. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(00)00671-9. Pach D., Knchel B., Ldtke R., Wruck K., Willich S. N., Witt C. M. Visiting a sauna: Does inhaling hot dry air reduce common cold symptoms? HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Finnish saunas are wood-lined rooms, usually heated by a stove topped with stones. Kikuchi H., Shiozawa N., Takata S., Ashida K., Mitsunobu F. Effect of repeated waon therapy on exercise tolerance and pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot controlled clinical trial. One study tested the effects of sauna bathing on people with pulmonary disease (lung disease). Epub 2023 Feb 15. Saunas Increase Circulation to Your Skin. When it comes to sauna benefits, they stem from a sauna's ability to help your body detox. FOIA Furthermore, this review only considers effects related to regular, multiple sessions of sauna activity rather than single sauna sessions, to better reflect the use of sauna bathing as a regular lifestyle intervention. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Self-assessed quality of life questionnaire, Body wt, HR, BP, HCT, fasting plasma lipid profile and glucose, urinary levels 8-epi-prosta-glandin F, Incidence dementia/Alzheimer's disease and other CVD-related outcomes, Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with adenosine, flow-mediated vaso-dilation of brachial artery, treadmill exercise stress testing and expression of CD34-positive bone marrow-derived cells, Core body temp, HR, BP, usual ECHO parameters including VSD measurements with colour Doppler, 24h urine nitrate and nitrite levels. Lung Function. The Finnish people for thousands of years have used the Finnish sauna and across the world there are other analogs of the Finnish sauna such as the Sent and mushi . Laukkanen T., Kunutsor S., Kauhanen J., Laukkanen J. These findings may also be compared to the metabolic effects of exercise in healthy populations which include improvements in both LDL and HDL lipid levels [82]. Further studies are also needed to distinguish between the health effects of Finnish saunas, which often involve brief periods of increased humidity and dramatic cooling interventions, compared to the lower temperature infrared saunas that typically do not have such variations. 3 Benefits of Using a Sauna After a Workout. Calabrese E. J., Baldwin L. A. No other changes in spirometry parameters or 6-minute walk test distances were detected between the two groups [59]. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Would you like email updates of new search results? Another randomized controlled trial examined the effects of repeated sauna therapy on 24 ischemic heart disease subjects with chronic total occlusion of coronary arteries detected on coronary angiogram who had failed or rejected attempts at percutaneous coronary intervention or who had vessels deemed unsuitable for operative interventions. Sugar and high fructose corn syrup. Some studies focused solely on measuring subjective quality of life and symptom scoring surrounding sauna activity such as SF-36 (36-item short form health survey); FASE (Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education) 50-item survey of symptoms and sleep, CMI (Cornell Medical Index) survey of somatic complaints; VAS (visual analogue scales) for hunger, relaxation, and specific types of pain (i.e., leg pain); various numeric rating scales for pain, fatigue, sleep quality, and common cold symptoms; validated tools for depression, anxiety, headache disability, and anger such as POMS (profile of mood states) questionnaire, BDI (Beck Depression Inventory), SRQ-D (self-rating questionnaire for depression), Zung SDS (self-rating depression scale), STAI (state-trait anxiety inventory questionnaire), and HDI (Headache Disability Index) [43, 50, 51, 54, 55, 69]. These findings add further support to the conclusions of this review. Studies were included for initial review if they were published in English language from January 2000 onwards and involved research in humans undergoing repeated dry sauna sessions with at least one reported health outcome. Risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Many industrial toxicants including heavy metals, pesticides, and various petrochemicals may be excreted in sweat leading to an enhancement of metabolic pathways and processes that these toxic agents inhibit [83]. [98] Masuda A., Kihara T., Fukudome T., Shinsato T., Minagoe S., Tei C. The effects of repeated thermal therapy for two patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. A total of 40 studies remained for inclusion in this systematic review. HSPs play a role as an anti-inflammatory protein, suggesting that sauna use may have benefits for chronic inflammation. Furthermore, the quality of the reviewed studies was variable with many studies having small sample sizes, poorly described methodology, variable use of controls, differing types of sauna and sauna protocols, variable duration and frequency of sauna interventions, and inconsistent mention of cooling therapies or rehydration protocols along with heterogeneous outcome measures. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The smallest study involved Australian athletes (n = 7) and the two largest studies (both prospective cohort studies) involved the same cohort of 2315 Finnish men [38, 39, 61]. The average person will pour out a pint of sweat during a short stint in a sauna. The complexity of how sauna bathing may influence cardiovascular risk factors is suggested by the report of beneficial effects on total cholesterol and LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol and conflicting results on HDL (high density lipoprotein) levels in healthy young men and women [63, 66, 67]. On this page #3 - Get superpowers! Only one small study (n = 10) reported an adverse health outcome of disrupted male spermatogenesis, demonstrated to be reversible when ceasing sauna activity. 2014 and Umehara et al. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FIR = far-infrared sauna; PR = pulse rate; HR = heart rate; BP = blood pressure; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; wt = weight; temp = body temperature; HRV = heart rate variability; freq = frequency; RH = relative humidity; ECHO = echocardiogram; BNP = B-natriuretic peptide; E/LFTs = electrolytes with liver function tests. Miragem A. Another limitation of this study is the inclusion of only English language, especially since sauna activity is frequent in non-English speaking countries. This study revealed that, after 3 weeks of daily (5 times weekly) infrared sessions, the scoring indices of defect reversibility on myocardial perfusion scans (summed stress scores and summed difference scores) improved (16 7 to 9 6, p < 0.01, and 7 4 to 3 2, p < 0.01) after sauna therapy but not in the control group that received standard medical care [40]. On a cellular level, acute whole-body thermotherapy (both wet and dry forms) induces discrete metabolic changes that include production of heat shock proteins, reduction of reactive oxygenated species, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation pathway activities, increased NO (nitric oxide) bioavailability, increased insulin sensitivity, and alterations in various endothelial-dependent vasodilatation metabolic pathways [22]. Despite differences in sauna types, temperature, frequency, and duration of interventions, the far-infrared sauna studies involving cardiovascular disease and congestive heart failure patients suggest favourable outcomes that reinforce earlier findings of interventional Finnish sauna studies and cardiovascular disease [7579]. Dry Sauna Increases Longevity Sitting in a sauna and exposing your body to elevated temperatures causes the production of heat shock proteins or HSP. The findings of this review suggest frequent dry sauna bathing improves a variety of subjective and objective health parameters and that frequent Finnish sauna bathing is associated with improved outcomes such as reduced overall mortality and reduced incidence of cardiovascular events and dementia, at least in men [38, 39]. The effect of a single sauna exposure on spermatozoa. Yep, a relaxing sauna can help you remove more toxins than almost any other mode of detoxification! Figure 1 summarises the screening and assessment strategies used with the search results. PMC The psychological impact of sauna bathing may be due to a combination of factors that include release of endorphins and other opioid-like peptides such as dynorphins [81, 92], forced mindfulness, psychological stress reduction, relaxation, improved sleep, time out from busy life schedules, placebo effects, and other aspects of individual psychological and social interactions that likely occur around frequent sauna activity. 1. More data of higher quality is needed on the frequency and extent of adverse side effects. All of the sauna interventions were conducted in supervised settings (i.e., in-hospital, rehabilitation hospitals, health centres, university or medical laboratories, and outpatient programs) except Kanji et al.
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