The wild cashew, or espav (Anacardium excelsum), is a closely related tree that grows in Central and South America. The cashew apples are picked by hand, and the curved fruits are first detached and then sun-dried. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Process of transferring data to a storage medium? The liquid of the shell is used for brake linings, heatproof and waterproof paints, and protective varnishes. However, the toxic chemical can be neutralized by roasting, and this richly delicious nut can be eaten safely. Preparations A tincture is prepared. See more. The cashew seed is commonly considered a snack nut (cashew nut) eaten on its own, used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter. [3] Its juice turns black on exposure to air, providing an indelible ink.[3]. [33] Cashews (100g, raw) contain 113 milligrams (1.74gr) of beta-sitosterol. Stamen stalks are separate, and anthers are able to move. Later the inner shells are broken open by hand and the kernels heated to remove the seed coat. The plant may grow to 12 metres (40 feet) in height where the soil is fertile and the humidity high. The cashew apple is pear-shaped and red to yellow. Sabrina Stierwalt, PhD, is an astrophysicist at Occidental College and the host of the Everyday Einstein podcast on Quick and Dirty Tips. Sundry seeds for planting for several weeks to prevent mold and rotting. The genus Pistacia (which includes the pistachio and mastic tree) is now included, but was previously placed in its own family, the Pistaciaceae. What years of time was the separate but equal doctrine the law of the land in the US? Constituents - It contains Gallic acid and an acrid resin, anacardic acid, and cardol. Portuguese missionaries took it to East Africa and India during the late 16th century, where it became abundant at low altitudes near the seacoast. UG are well-dried and mature nuts. [citation needed], The top ten exporters of cashew nuts (in-shell; HS Code 080131) in value (USD) in 2021 were Ghana, Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Guinea. The following is a list of some of the major genera and species in Anacardiaceae, arranged alphabetically by common name. Almost all members of the cashew family are trees or shrubs, though some are vines. The domesticated cashew tree is native to the New World but commercially cultivated mainly in Brazil and India. It was then that I learnedthe hard waythat poison ivy is just one member of a family of trees, the anacardiaceae family, that can carry an oily irritant that causes a rash. It belongs to Anacardiaceae family. [4], In 2019, four million tonnes of cashew nuts were produced globally, with Ivory Coast and India as the leading producers. The outer shell is smooth, thin, and somewhat elastic and is olive green until maturity, when it becomes pale brown. Leaf architecture is very diverse. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. However, it has taken human creativity to develop means to prepare this seed for consumption, since it naturally is surrounded by a caustic substance that can blister the skin of people. The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing-glove shaped drupe that grows at the end of the pseudofruit. General Information and Agronomic Aspects Cashew trees are grown along the coastal plains of Kenya and Tanzania. [18] The traditional cashew tree is tall (up to 14m) and takes three years from planting before it starts production, and eight years before economic harvests can begin. Urushiol is the reason cashews are never sold in the shell and are typically roasted. The tree is small and evergreen, growing to 10 to 12m (32 ft . A light-colored oil can be extracted from the seed as well, for culinary use. What is poor man and the rich man declamation about? The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb up to 26cm (10in) long; each flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 715 millimetres (1458in) long. Cashew nuts are usually propagated through seed or grafted seedlings. Grafting is done 3-4 weeks after transplanting into potting bags. Seeds are solitary with no albumen around the embryo. Introduction The Anacardiaceae family has about 77 genera and 700 species, mainly distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas [ 1, 2 ]. Cashew inflorescence with developing fruit, A mature cashew apple ready to be harvested, Harvested cashew ready to be processedGoa India. Its members are characterized by the presence of resin ducts in the bark and feature compound leaves and unisexual flowers. Notes from the Eclectic Physicians. Cashew nuts should be planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The Sicilian sumac (Rhus coriaria ) of southern Italy is especially useful, as its leaves can have a tannin concentration of 2035%. It is now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew "nuts" and cashew apples. The cashew family, Anacardiaceae, consists of about 80 genera and more than 700 species distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Hartmann, H. T., et al. [1][3], Cashews are commonly used in South Asian cuisine, whole for garnishing sweets or curries, or ground into a paste that forms a base of sauces for curries (e.g., korma), or some sweets (e.g., kaju barfi). The oil is found on the outer shell (similar to mangos, where its found on the skin) and roasting the cashews at high temperatures can kill any remaining oil that makes its way through to the nut. It also is the name for the commercially important kidney-shaped, nut-like seed of this plant, which is edible when roasted or cooked. The leaves are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, four to 22 centimeters long, and two to 15 centimeters broad, with a smooth margin. The lacquer tree (Rhus verniciflua ) occurs in China and Japan, where the viscous, milky sap of this plant has long been collected and applied as a natural varnish to fine wood carvings and furniture. 1919: Ellingwood. Can fireworks be seen from several miles away? Each flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals seven to 15 millimeters long. [10], John Lindley described the "essential character" of the Anacardiace, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by de Jussieu, but abandoning the name Terebintace. Seedlings are ready for grafting when they attain more than two functional leaves and the cotyledons are still attached to the young stem. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The olive family is a family of flowering plants known to botanists as the Oleaceae. Palomar Community CollegeWaynes Word: An On-Line Textbook of Natural History. [44] Its composition varies depending on how it is processed. The leaves are typically compound, with at least three if not more leaflets per leaf. The recommended soil media for cashew nut seedlings is in the ratio of 2:1:150 where: 2 is two buckets of soil, 1 is one bucket of well-decomposed farmyard manure, and 150gms of DAP. Its fruit is known as a mango, possessing a yellow-red skin with a large, flat seed surrounded by a tasty, juicy pulp, which can be yellow, red, or orange in color. What color does blue and green and pink make when mixed together? [4], The genus Pistacia has sometimes been separated into its own family, the Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery style of the flowers. Growth, Development, and Utilization of Cultivated Plants. Anacardiaceae at Flora of China, 2008, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anacardiaceae&oldid=1161308525, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 21 June 2023, at 22:28. During that period the land should be clean to facilitate the collection of cashew. High-density planting of cashew at a closer spacing of 4 m X 4 m (625 plants/ ha) in the beginning and thinning out in stages to maintain a final spacing of 8 m X 8 m in the tenth year is also recommended. An example of a scientific name is Felis catus which is the scientific name of a domestic cat. [25] For up to 6% of children and 3% of adults, consuming cashews may cause allergic reactions, ranging from mild discomfort to life-threatening anaphylaxis. . In Western countries they are eaten mainly as a premium-quality protein-rich snack food. The cashew tree has a branching main trunk and characteristic domed crown. [32], CNSL may be used as a resin for carbon composite products. So, how was that possible? d. Insert the scion into the rootstock and tie them together. In a 100-gram reference amount, raw cashews provide 553kilocalories, 67% of the Daily Value (DV) in total fats, 36%DV of protein, 13%DV of dietary fiber and 11%DV of carbohydrates. Weeding with light digging should preferably be done before the end of the rainy season. As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. When I encounter poison ivy or poison oak, even in the tiniest amount, my bodys immune system explodes in a systemic reaction, creating a situation that requires fast treatment. The genus name is capitalized, and the whole name is italicized. India ranks first in area utilized for cashew production, though its yields are relatively low. The cashew apple contains much tannin and is very perishable. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae, This article is about the tree and its nut. Do not plant seeds that are more than one year old. It possibly refers to the heart shape of the fruit,[9] to "the top of the fruit stem"[10] or to the seed. [3], The cashew tree is large and evergreen, growing to 14 metres (46 feet) tall, with a short, often irregularly shaped trunk. [40], In Cambodia, where the plant is usually grown as an ornamental rather than an economic tree, the fruit is a delicacy and is eaten with salt. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Native to lowland rainforests of the Amazon and Orinoco river basins, cacao is grown commercially in the New World tropics as well as western Africa and tropical Asia. [35], Women shelling cashews in Burkina Faso, West Africa, A woman using a machine to shell cashews in Thailand, wearing gloves to protect against contact dermatitis, The mature cashew apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, citric acid[36] or an alcoholic drink. The seeds, rich in oil and distinctively flavoured, are commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisine and are a characteristic ingredient of numerous chicken and vegetarian dishes of southern India. Steeping the fruit in boiling salt water for five minutes also reduces the astringency. [39], When consumed, the apple's astringency is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water. Some members[which?] In Goa, India, the cashew apple is the source of juicy pulp used to prepare fenny, a locally popular distilled liquor. Cashew is an evergreen tree with deep tap roots, grown for its edible fruits (nuts). Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards. Scientific Name: Anacardium occidentale Distribution: Central and South America Average Dried Weight: 34.9 lbs/ft 3 (560 kg/m3) Janka Hardness: 770 lb f (3,410 N) * * Estimated hardness based on specific gravity Comments: Cashew is much more well known for its edible nuts, and not for its wood. Conger, R.H.M., and G.D. Hill. Containing, Olive Family (Oleaceae) By 1590 the cashew tree had been introduced to East Africa and India where it was also used to help control erosion along the coastal regions (Woodroof, 1979). [3] Timber is used to manufacture furniture, boats, packing crates, and charcoal. The duration of harvest extends from 45-75 days and the nuts should be collected daily during this period. One hectare can thus produce between 2,000 to 5,000 kilograms of unshelled nuts per year. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Almost all members of the cashew family are trees or shrubs, though some are vines. [6], Fruits rarely open at maturity[4] Flowers have the ovary free, but the petals and stamen are borne on the calyx. See more. Brazil, Paradise, and Cashew Nuts (accessed November 10, 2006). Weed Any plant that is growing abundantly in a place where humans do not want it to be. Cashew belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, which also includes mango and pistachio. They can be spotted but not wrinkled. [8], Robert Brown described a subset of the Terebintaceae called Cassuvl or Anacarde in 1818, using the herbarium that was collected by Christen Smith during a fated expedition headed by James Hingston Tuckey to explore the River Congo. Even smoke from roasting the nuts can be irritating. Constituents It contains Gallic acid and an acrid resin, anacardic acid, and cardol. The true fruit, however, is classified as a nut by some botanists. Encyclopedia.com. Other toxic species include poison oak (T. toxicodendron ) and poison or swamp sumac (T. vernix ), both of which are shrubs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. The fruits are either a one-seeded drupe or a many-seeded berry, and are generally eaten and dispersed by birds or small mammals. Some people develop an increased sensitivity to this toxic oil with increased exposure; others appear to not have been initially affected by contact with poison ivy and its relatives, but subsequent exposures then elicit sensitive responses. The topsoil and sub-soil are kept separately and allowed to wither under the sun. The term false fruit (pseudocarp, accessory fruit) is sometimes applied to a plant structure that resembles a fruit, but is not derived from a flower or flowers. The resin quickly catches fire, giving off fumes that can be injurious to the eyes and skin. Recommended varieties of cashew nuts by KALRO are A75/83, A100, A81, and A82. [citation needed], In the 21st century, cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet the demands for manufacturing cashew milk, a plant milk alternative to dairy milk. [37] In Panama, the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet, brown, paste-like dessert called dulce de maran (maran being a Spanish name for cashew). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Cashew is native to mainly the coastal areas of northeast Brazil. [5], Leaves are deciduous or evergreen, usually alternate (rarely opposite),[6] estipulate (without stipule) and imparipinnate (rarely paripinnate or bipinnate), usually with opposite leaflets (rarely alternate), while others are trifoliolate or simple or unifoliolate (very rarely simple leaves are palmate). No fertilizer is required, but well-rotted manure at planting is beneficial. Protect seedlings from monkeys, rodents, and bucks by placing wire cages or thorns around the seedlings. The cashew family (Anacardiaceae) is a group of about 600 species of plants, most of which are tropical in distribution, although some occur in the temperate zone. Water-soaked lesions on leaves, twigs, flowers or young apples which develop into orange-brown or red lesions; Disease emergence favored by rainfall and high humidity, Chlorotic spots on upper surface of leaves which spread to lower surface as infection progresses; dark-brown to black fungal patches on leaves; leaves shrivelling and dropping from plant, Damage most severe on dwarf cashew varieties, Brown-black gummy frass (insect excrement) on trunk and branches; girdling of branches; plants dying, Adults large and gray-brown with knobbly appearance; larvae legless grubs which are white with a brown head, Necrotic lesions on fruit which develop into hard lumps; pockmarks of fruit; spotting on kernels, Adults are red-brown in color; nymphs are red-brown to green in color, Deformed leaves with angular lesions along veins; leaves may drop from plant; elongated green lesions on young shoots which may exude gummy substance; dieback of shoots, Helopeltis bugs are slender with long legs and antennae; antennae twice as long as body; females are red; males brown; nymphs are yellowish in color, Links will be auto-linked. [6] It appears as though one of its ends has been forcibly sunk into a pear-shaped swollen stem (hypocarp), called the cashew apple. In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovarytogether with seedsof a flowering plant. The flavor of the mango is an exotic blend of sweet and acidic tartness, with an aromatic undercurrent. The cashew is a tree in the family Anacardiaceae. Resin canals located in the inner fibrous bark of the fibrovascular system found in the plant's stems, roots, and leaves are characteristic of all members of this family; resin canals located in the pith are characteristic of many of the cashew family species and several species have them located in the primary cortex or the regular bark. The area around the tree should be 1 times the size of the canopy and should be kept clean of weeds for the first 2 years to avoid competition. [33] iron, potassium, zinc, and selenium are present in significant content (1461% DV) (table). From there, it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa. For this reason, in many parts of the world, the false fruit is simply discarded after removal of the cashew nut. 1. The Center for Disease Control published a report in 1982 about a batch of >7500 bags of shell-contaminated cashews being sold in Pennsylvania and Maryland, mostly as part of a Little League fundraiser. You may use , Climate Conditions, Soil, and Water Management. [7][3][6] Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as maran, it ripens into a yellow or red structure about 511cm (24+14in) long.[1][3]. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. If rainfall is below 900 mm per year plant at the widest spacing indicated. with CD-ROM. Hoeing, cutting the weeds off underground is more effective than slashing. [11] The word anacardium was earlier used to refer to Semecarpus anacardium (the marking nut tree) before Carl Linnaeus transferred it to the cashew; both plants are in the same family. Thin after 3-4 months leaving only the strongest plant at each site. The families of flowering plants. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The nuts are collected at weekly intervals from the farm during the harvesting season. What specific section of the world do cannibals do not live? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny. The kernels or nuts have a high nutritional as well as commercial value and are used for human consumption either raw or roasted. The caustic, phenolic resin contained within the shell casing of the cashew, which also is known as Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), has a variety of industrial uses, which were first developed in the 1930s. The seed kernal, cashew apple, wood, and caustic resin urushiol are utilized. These include polyols, which have recently seen increased demand for their biobased origin and key chemical attributes such as high reactivity, range of functionalities, reduction in blowing agents, and naturally occurring fire retardant properties in the field of rigid polyurethanes, aided by their inherent phenolic structure and larger number of reactive units per unit mass. Propagation through grafting starts by raising rootstock propagated from local cashew nut varieties. Externally it produces blisters, which are apt to be troublesome and difficult of cure. Andrea Thompson, Jeffery DelViscio and Elah Feder. Many species have foliage, fruits, or bark on the stems and roots that contain an acrid, often . The cashew (Anacardium occidentale ) is the source of kidney-shaped cashew nuts. [4], Members of this family produce cashew and pistachio nuts, and mango and marula fruits.[4]. (Pell 2004). A lacquer finish is resistant to heat, moisture, acid, alkali, and alcohol, and is therefore an excellent protection for fine works of art. These materials are used to manufacture a clear, high-grade varnish, which is sometimes used to coat metallic art and pictures, and in lithography. [12] The epithet occidentale derives from the Western (or Occidental) world. Fermented juice then undergoes a double distillation process. [33], Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts. The tree produces numerous pinkish-white flowers on drooping panicles and a kidney-shaped true fruit (nut) which is approximately 3 cm (1.2 in) long with a grey-brown shell and develops from a fleshy accessory fruit, sometimes referred to as the 'cashew apple'. cashew, ( Anacardium occidentale ), evergreen shrub or tree of the sumac family ( Anacardiaceae ), cultivated for its characteristically curved edible seeds, which are commonly called cashew "nuts" though they are not true nuts. Well, stop rolling around in poison ivy, you might be thinking. The cashew apple, which is an accessory fruit (e.g., not a true fruit), is about three times as large as the true fruit and is reddish or yellow. The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been described by de Jussieu in 1759. Where is the tallest General Electric Building located? The wood of the cashew plant can be used for construction of shipping crates and boats, among other products. Kostermans, A.G.H., and J.M. The pistachio or green almond (Pistacia vera ) is native to Syria, but is now widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region, the southern United States, and elsewhere. cacao, ( Theobroma cacao ), also called cocoa, tropical evergreen tree (family Malvaceae) grown for its edible seeds, whose scientific name means "food of the gods" in Greek. The red quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii ) of South American temperate forests is another important source of tannins, which are obtained from the wood of this tree. In improved methods of roasting, the poisonous properties are dispelled in roasting cylinders. Agricultural Plants. Here's What Science Says. This species is actually cultivated as a source of tannins, and it produces a superior soft leather with a pale color, considered especially useful for fine gloves and book covers. [5], The wood of the Anacardiaceae has the frequent occurrence of simple small holes in the vessels, occasionally in some species side by side with scalariform holes (in Campnosperma, Micronychia, and Heeria argentea (Anaphrenium argenteum). The cashew nuts do not mature at the same time. Plant Science. Updates? For mature trees 500 mm of rainfall per year is adequate, but seedlings should be watered until properly established. c. Make a wedge cut of the scion of a similar length of 2.5-3.0 cm and sharpen it. Retrieved June 29, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cashew-family-anacardiaceae. [4] One of the more familiar groups includes species of vines and shrubs in the genus Toxicodendron, many of which contain a toxic oil that causes a contact dermatitis in people exposed to crushed foliage, stems, or roots. Little or no endosperm is present. The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, Rhus. Lacquering is an old art form, although it reached its greatest expression in China during the Ming Dynasty of 13681644 and in Japan during the seventeenth century. Resources. Willows are a diverse group of about 300 species of woody angiosperm plants in the genus Salix, family Salicaceae. It is therefore a danger in small-scale processing of the shells, but is a raw material having multiple possible uses. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988. It has been used in the treatment of some forms of skin disease. The seed is the chief commercial value of the cashew. Peculiar fever of the Tropics, where quinine has provided unavailing. Bompard. The curved fruit, which is not a true nut, is shaped like a large thick bean and can reach more than 2.5 cm (1 inch) long. [5] The cashew apple is a light reddish to yellow fruit, whose pulp and juice can be processed into a sweet, astringent fruit drink or fermented and distilled into liquor. Place the seeds in a bucket of seawater (100 g salt per 5 liters of water) and select the seeds that sink for planting. [6], Seed coats are very thin or are crust-like. However, the brown, caustic phenolic resin, urushiol, is between the two shells and can blister skin that it contacts. [4], In 1759, Bernard de Jussieu arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme. Its itchy, uncomfortable, and Ive spent many sleepless weeks on steroids trying to keep the rash at bay. The Mangoes. Description 'Anacardium occidentale', from Koehler's 'Medicinal-Plants' (1887) Tree shape Anacardiaceae occidentale is native to tropical Central and South America, notably northeastern Brazil, where it is called by its Portuguese name Caju (the fruit) or Cajueiro (the tree ). Knowledge awaits. Corrections? monkey rose apple). Various species of sumac are grown as ornamentals. Seeds that sink are planted in pre-germination beds. The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family[1] or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. The leaves are smooth with pronounced veins and midrib and possess petioles that are swollen at their base. November to May is the harvesting period, with the peak harvest period from November to January. Unfortunately, for me, its usually my dog that frolicks in the plant. Can someone put you on tv without your consent? Theanacardiaceae familyof trees, sometimes called the cashew family, includes mango, poison ivy, poison oak, sumac, Peruvian pepper, pistachio, and you guessed it, cashews. The urushiol must be removed from the dark green nut shells before the seed inside is processed for consumption; this is done by shelling the nuts, a somewhat hazardous process, and exceedingly painful skin rashes (similar to poison-ivy rashes) among processing workers are common. The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing a caustic phenolic resin, urushiol, a potent skin irritant toxin also found in the related poison ivy in the sumac family. [4] Do they have to give members warning before they bar you? The tree gets its scientific name from the heart-shaped nut (Woodruff, 1979). The color should be grey or pale brown. The tree produces wood that is useful in local economies for such practical items as shipping crates, boats, and charcoal as well as for a gum that is similar to gum arabic. [4] The sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum is used to make lacquer for lacquerware and similar products. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. The nuts should be harvested as soon as possible, especially under wet conditions, and should be dried before storage. The highest quality oil is produced from a single cold pressing.[43]. In contrast, others appear to obtain a progressive immunity to the toxic oil of these plants. The province of Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy, which is cashew marzipan wrapped in white wafers. [citation needed], The cashew tree is cultivated in the tropics between 25N and 25S, and is well-adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season, where the mango and tamarind trees also thrive. It itches, it oozes, it drives you crazy! [13], The plant has diverse common names in various languages among its wide distribution range,[2] including anacardier (French) with the fruit referred to as pomme de Cajou,[14] caju (Portuguese pronunciation:[kau]), or acaju (Portuguese). Cashews are native to northeastern Brazil. Human deaths have been caused by this type of exposure, which can cause severe blistering of the pharynx and lungs. The following are the crop details for Cashew Nuts. The following procedure for. Various nuts and other fruits are obtained from species in the cashew family. Cashew is the common name for a tropical and subtropical evergreen tree, Anacardium occidentale (syn. How the coil springs look like as you move it back and forth.? Among them, the genus Anacardium has 20 species, widely distributed in tropical areas [ 3, 4 ]. Panama City Beach Conditions,
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