2013; Bhattacharjya and Sung 2014; Yang et al. The dung that enters the tunnel is their food source. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Argonne Natl Lab Environ Sci Division 133, Phillips PJ, Smith SG, Kolpin DW, Zaugg SD, Buxton HT, Furlong ET, Esposito K, Stinson B (2010) Pharmaceutical formulation facilities as sources of opioids and other pharmaceuticals to wastewater treatment plant effluents. Of course, we don't want all of that in our gardens. Andrew Spacey from Sheffield, UK on September 17, 2014: Reminds me of an old John Cleese jokeWhat's brown and sounds like a bell? I remember as a child I have entered many houses (on farms) with floors pasted with cow dung. Lorelei Cohen from Canada on October 09, 2014: I've stepped in a few cow pies in my day but never flung the dung. Cow dung has antifungal substance that inhibits the growth of coprophilous fungi (Dhama et al. Cow dung being used as manure certainly does have a distinctive smell! 2. Umanu et al. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on August 17, 2014: Thank you, Vellur. Therefore in India, Cow (B. indicus) is not only just milk-producing animal but also truly considered as Gomata (mother of all) and Kamdhenu (Dhama et al. Mixture of cow and pig dung (60:40) showed 10% increase in methane production as investigated by Li et al. As I say in the article, biogas produced from cow dung generally contains methane. I hate the fact that wolves sometimes have a bad reputation that they don't deserve. Karthik Kashyap from India on August 04, 2014: Wow!! I have no idea how much the project would cost. (MTCC10046) isolated from cow dung. 2012). The first video below shows beetles competing for the dung. Acids are then extracted from wet dung and mixed with the cellulose fibres to make cellulose acetate. The effect may be due to a mixture of chemicals instead of only one. It would be interesting to know whether the smoke from cow feces is a more effective repellent than the smoke from other fuels, and if so why this is the case. Xylanolytic bacteria are receiving increasing commercial interest in several industries such as enzyme-aided bleaching of paper (Encarna et al. Correspondence to It destroys the microorganism that causes disease and putrefaction. you've done a lot of study on cow dung dude !! Cow dung is the major source of biogas or gobar gas production in India. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the animal waste on this planet produces around 5565% methane, which upon release in the atmosphere can affect global warming 21 times higher than the rate CO2 does. William Leverne Smith from Hollister, MO on August 02, 2014: Back at the one-room country school in Iowa, cow patties made great bases. 6.2 and 6.3 ). Voting up and sharing! Exploitation of cow dung microflora can contribute significantly in sustainable agriculture and energy requirements. An age old sustainable tradition. It was detected that methanogenic bacteria at substrate, i.e., cow dung concentration of 25mg/l, could effectively volatilise around 35% arsenic. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 73:89100, Wang L, Mu G, Tian C, Sun L, Zhou W, Yu P, Yin J, Fu H (2013) Porous graphitic carbon nanosheets derived from cornstalk biomass for advanced supercapacitors. 2004; Viikari et al. 2010, 2011; Wei et al. It would probably be helpful to contact someone experienced in making bricks made of cow dung. Why Cow Manure? 2013; Buvaneswari et al. Cow dung is certainly a useful material! Cyathus stercoreus, isolated from aged cow dung, is not only capable of degrading lignocelluloses in vitro (Wicklow et al. In the light of above-discussed facts, biogas production can also be considered as an effective way of treating organic waste which may produce green house gases if remain untreated. Who would have thought that a cow pie could teach us so much! 2005a ). And btw, it's about time you also wrote about your adventures with your two dogs :-). Will the use of cowdung lay a bad impact on the lower arrangements of sediments in my soak pit ??? Marie Hurt from New Orleans, LA on August 17, 2014: You always teach me new information and interesting facts about something in nature. Its organisation and role in the ecosystem, 2nd edn. These Bacillus strains also possessed antagonistic activities against plant pathogens along with production of growth regulators. I am enjoying my weekend so far, thank you, and hope you're doing the same. Biogas, a mixture of different gases produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic matter from methanogenic bacteria, mainly constitutes methane (5065%) and CO2 (2545%) (Sharma 2011). Thank you very much for the comment, Lady Lorelei. Soil is the prominent source from where hundreds of antibiotic-producing organisms have been isolated during the last five decades (Khamna et al. Its low cost, contains renewable energy and easily available. Thanks for the education and have a wonderful weekend. I don't know the details of the process or how efficient or safe it is, however. 2020). 2014). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 173:18581869, Santos OCS, Soares AR, Machado FLS, Romanos MTV, Muricy G, Giambiagi-deMarval M, Laport MS (2015) Investigation of biotechnological potential of sponge-associated bacteria collected in Brazilian coast. 2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-016-0105-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-016-0105-9. and Lactobacillus spp. Cow dung harbours a diverse group of microorganisms that may be beneficial to humans due to their ability to produce a range of metabolites. Yes, wearing gloves is a good idea when dealing with cow dung! It's interesting that a material that is a waste product for a cow can be helpful for us. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on November 30, 2014: Thank you for the comment and for sharing the information, Sunder1. Two bacteria namely Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa present in microbial consortium have also been detected to completely degrade hazardous chemicals like cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos (Fulekar and Geetha 2008; Boricha and Fulekar 2009; Randhawa and Kullar 2011). The bacterial isolates involved in the process belonged to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Citrobacter, Micrococcus, Vibrio, Flavobacterium and Corynebacterium, whilst fungal isolates were the species from Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Saccharomyces and Mucor. The gas that is produced is withdrawn through a tube and stored. Feces is generally not a favourite topic of conversation, whether it comes from an animal or a human. Being a mixture of faeces and urine in the ratio of 3:1, it mainly consists of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Suzanne Day from Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on August 10, 2014: A fascinating hub about the ins and outs (sorry for the pun!) It's great to hear from someone else who has seen cow dung being used. Res Opin Anim Vet Sci 3:170178, Dhami JK, Singh H, Gupta M (2013) Industrialization at the cost of environment degradationa case of leather and iron and steel industry from Punjab economy. Fibreboard has many uses. Int J Green Pharm 4:2935, Jarald E, Edwin S, Tiwari V, Garg R, Toppo E (2008) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine. Chemosphere 36:29772992, Reyes I, Valery A, Valduz Z (2006) Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms isolated from rhizospheric and bulk soils of colonizer plants at an abandoned rock phosphate mine. The production of enzymes by microorganisms from this cheap bioresource can find wide applications in various fields such as agriculture, chemistry and biotechnology. Even in North America people are making use of the energy stored in cow dung, although this is usually done indirectly by making a biogas from the dung. Strange as it may sound, in some cultures cow dung is applied to walls and floors as a disinfectant as well as an insulator. ), protozoa and yeast (Saccharomyces and Candida) (Nene 1999; Randhawa and Kullar 2011). The dung is amazing stuff. In this article, you . FEMS Microbiol Lett 33:122130. (2014) described that cow dung Bacillus spp. Question: Why is raw cow dung not used in a crop field? Answer: If you mean if cow dung effective as a medicine, then the answer is False. As far as I know, there is no scientific evidence that the dung has any benefit as a medicine. J Chem Pharm Res 5:240250, The Hindu (2011) About 70 per cent Indians live in rural areas: Census report. J Chem Pharm Res 3:467477, Mary CA, Dav VPS, Karunakaran K, Nair NR (1986) Cow dung extract for controlling bacterial blight. Thanks for the joke and the comment, chef-de-jour! Our country is now facing the shortage of coal supplies despite being the third largest coal producer in the world. This cow dung microbial consortium that included bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes was found effective in degrading phenol ranging from 100 to 1000mg/l concentrations. Ray Brewer, 66, duped investors out of nearly $9 million claiming he could turn cow manure into green energy. 2003; Somasundaram et al. Chitrangada Sharan from New Delhi, India on August 15, 2018: Nicely covered topic, on the many uses of cow dung. Out of these 14 strains also inhibited another nematode Meloidogyne incognita. 2012; Aly et al. Important to choose ones that were well tried, of course. The application of cow dung microflora with considerable antimicrobial potential can result in the promotion of human health; however, comprehensive screening of these microorganisms for the production of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral metabolites needed to be investigated. Dung is a Gold Mine 11. Cow dung generated from 35cattle/day can run a simple 810m3 biogas plant which is able to produce 1.52m3 biogas per day which is sufficient for the family 68 persons, can cook meal for 2 or 3 times or may light two lamps for 3h or run a refrigerator for all day and can also operate a 3-KW motor generator for 1h (Werner et al. Thus, cow dung may not only act as a substitute for chemical fertilisers because it supplements organic matter, but also as a conditioner for soil (Garg and Kaushik 2005; Yadav et al. 2008; Kiaune and Singhasemanon 2011; Madu et al. 2006; Kuhad et al. Good luck with your project. 2014). It has been suggested that the dung residue from biogas production could be used instead of sawdust to make fibreboard. nov., a xylanolytic bacterium isolated from cow faeces. Chem Sus Chem 6:23302339, Illavarasi S (2014) Isolation and identification of cellulase producing bacteria from cow dung. The spores then germinate, producing the fungal mycelium in the cow pat. Some researchers also suggested the metabolic pathway for microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 2009; Kala et al. Thank you for the comment and for sharing the information, thewritingowl. Thank you very much for the comment. The solution is to "shoot" the spores beyond the cow pat and onto the surrounding grass. The smoke from burning cow dung has been found to repel insects, including mosquitoes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 55:105112, Lehrer A, Bressanelli A, Wachsmann V, Bottasso O, Bay ML, Singh M, Stanford C, Stanford J (1998) Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae in the treatment of psoriasis. Ministry of Agriculture Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying and Fisheries Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, Lowry CA, Hollis JH, De Vries A, Pan B, Brunet LR, Hunt JRF, Lightman SL (2007) Identification of an immune-responsive mesolimbocortical serotonergic system: potential role in regulation of emotional behavior. At this point a problem arises. The Indians seem to know how to use it best. from cow dung. Yes, cows and their dung are certainly very useful! Manure can also improve the texture of the soil and help it to maintain moisture. "Panchagavya," a concoction of milk, ghee, curd, cow urine, and dung, is widely used for effective low-cost pest control and plant growth. The beetles use the ball as food or as a place to lay eggs. Testing will provide an accurate determination of the pH level. (2007) have isolated many different bacterial genera such as Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kluyvera spp., Morgarella morganii, Pasteurella spp., Providencia alcaligenes, Providencia stuartii and Pseudomonas spp. Biochem Eng J 69:5760, Vijayaraghavan P, Vincent SGP (2014) Statistical optimization of fibrinolytic enzyme production by Pseudoalteromonas sp. It's used to manufacture furniture and floors in homes, for example. 2006). Thank you for revealing all about this most precious of countryside materials. The creator has sped the video up. It does this by secreting digestive enzymes into manure and then absorbing the products of the digestion. 2012). Cows avoid eating their own dung, so how are the fungal spores going to get into another cow's digestive tract to complete their life cycle? Springer, Heidelberg, pp 6584, Chapter 1997; Gentile et al. Malays J Microbiol 8:219228, Paliwal R, Sahni YP, Singh SK, Sen S (2013) Effect of panchgavya on central actions in albino rats. Can J Plant Sci 95:5565, Bedada W, Karltun E, Lemenih M, Tolera M (2014) Long-term addition of compost and NP fertilizer increases crop yield and improves soil quality in experiments on smallholder farms. Plant Soil 338:159169, Girija D, Deepa K, Xavier F, Antony I, Shidhi PR (2013) Analysis of cow dung microbiotaa metagenomic approach. Here they feed and lay eggs. Self-sufficiency through use of dung and urine of so-called useless cattle 16. Rolly A Chabot from Alberta Canada on September 06, 2014: Hi Alicia what a research project this must have been, very interesting indeed when I see all of the uses you have listed. The smell was fresh and clean, and I remember it repelled insects and spiders. The fertilizer, called Jeevamrutham, is made mixing 10 kg cow dung, 10 litres cow urine, two kg of jaggery, two kg of . Scientific eff. Surf Interface Anal 40:612615, Dhama K, Chauhan RS, Singhal L (2005a) Anti-cancer activity of cow urine: current status and future directions. 2012; Jeyasanta et al. Avicenna J Clin Microb Infec 2:e23233, Annison G (1992) Commercial enzyme supplementation of wheat based diets raises ileal glycanase activities and improves apparent metabolisable energy, starch and pentosan digestibilities in broiler chickens. I appreciate your visit. Yes, it is interesting that cow dung contains so much potential energy. They slowly break down and remove cow pats. IND11 using cow dung substrate by response surface methodology. Conventional methods such as dredging, incineration, use of sorbent materials, sinking and dispersion are not only economical but also environmentally unsustainable (Hilyard et al. I appreciate your visit. We ran around the farm in our bare feet often sliding thru cow dung and we never had athletes foot.ha, IN case you are wondering, I am a female..can'the stand cow dung since I got older. May I ask if, what is the component/substance of a cow dung which makes it a biogas? Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on September 20, 2017: Hi, suresh. Some people make cow dung paper as a hobby. Excellent post. Like most other fungi, the body of Pilobolus is made of thread-like structures known as hyphae. A California con artist has been sentenced to nearly seven years in prison for duping investors out of close to $9 million in a Ponzi scheme that claimed to be converting cow poop into green . ;-). 2008). Malays J Soil Sci 13:7791, Kalia A, Singh S (2004) Development of a biogas plant. After suitable preparation, it can also replace conventional fuel in motor vehicles. When inhaled, it enhanced the growth of neuron which stimulates the production of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (Lowry et al. 2013; Mohan and Gupta 2014). They're sometimes funny, too! In: Hatfield J, Bigham JM, Krai DM, Viney MK (eds) Replenshing soil fertility in Africa. Martie Coetser from South Africa on August 03, 2014: Excellent article about cow dung and its many uses. It's sad that people are losing their understanding of agriculture. You could contact a college, university, or agricultural organization to see if they know anything about the business aspect of cow dung. 2005b; Joseph and Sankarganesh 2011; Dhama et al. As per ayurveda, it can also act as a purifier for all the wastes in the nature (Randhwa and Khullar 2011). 2014). According to the above-discussed data, cow dung can be employed with or without pre- or post-treatment as an excellent measure to bioremediate nonbiodegradable and potentially toxic pollutants. Indian J Biotech 12:372378, Gounot AM (1986) Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms. Perhaps an agricultural college in your area would know of a suitable lab. Activated carbon has recently been synthesised from cow dung by a modified chemical activation method, in which partially carbonised cow dung was treated with potassium hydroxide in the ratio of 2:1. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on April 19, 2017: Thank you, Gani. Cucurbitae. Your article is a ray of sunshine here. Thank you very much for the visit and the comment, Peg. 2009; Kristiansson et al. Vespa Woolf from Peru, South America on November 27, 2014: Of course Ive heard of cow dung used for fertilizer and fuel, but I didnt realize it could be made into paper or spread on the walls of homes. J Colloid Interf Sci 278:18, Fick J, Sderstrm H, Lindberg RH, Chau DNP, Tysklind M, Larsson DGJ (2009) Contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water from pharmaceutical production. Is this statement true or false? Pilobolus is a fungus that grows on herbivorous dung, including that of cows. While cow dung may have disinfectant properties when applied to the wall or floor of a home, this hasnt been proved yet. I'll look out for it. Behav Process 96:2735, Mohan L, Gupta D (2014) Study on removal of chromium from aqueous solution using dry cow dung powder. 2014). It is also durable for long-term operations (Yang et al. I'm not sure that the chemical has been identified. Don't just rely on hearsay or rumors. Turk J Agric For 34:9199, Jain NK, Gupta VB, Garg R, Silawat N (2010) Efficacy of cow urine therapy on various cancer patients in Mandsaur District, Indiaa survey. VioletteRose from Atlanta on September 05, 2014: Very useful, I agree with you very much about the uses of cow dung. The nitrogen in the ammonia is a good plant nutrient, but an excessive concentration of ammonia can damage plants. This porous carbon is synthesised by many different methods such as using silica or surfactant, aerogels, organometallic compounds, chemical activation and physical activation. The idea of using cow dung on walls is very interesting (and strange for some of us). For example, combination of cow dung with NPK (15:15:15) in the concentration of 3t/ha and 100kg/ha, respectively, showed marked increase of 8.9t/ha in the yield of potato tuber in comparison to control that yielded only 1.8t/ha. doi:10.5402/2011/362459, Rehmann K, Noll HP, Steinberg CE, Kettrup AA (1998) Pyrene degradation by Mycobacterium sp. So now you can guess what my next article is going to be on. Rev Environ Contam T 213:126, Kim JH, Fang B, Song MY, Yu JS (2012) Topological transformation of thioether-bridged organosilicas into nanostructured functional materials. In fact there was a salve made from cow dung way back then but was eventually taken off the market. In organic farming, cow urine is used for preparation of number of growth promoter and bio-pesticides, which are effective in improving soil fertility, and management of large number of pests. In India, the main source of energy is coal, which accounts for 44% of total energy consumption. Biological methods are based upon application of appropriate microbes that can improve biodegradation in situ and ex situ (Cookson 1995; Freeman and Harris 1995; Umanu et al. For that I use waste materials and the prime elements of construction. Leaves one to wonder why our western culture has not taken advantage of the renewable resource after all we grow them here in beef country Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on September 05, 2014: Hi, VioletteRose. Cow dung has a soft texture and tends to be deposited in a circular shape, which gives dung patches their alternate names of cow pies and cow pats. Great information. It's a rich fertilizer, an efficient fuel and biogas producer, a useful building material, a raw material for paper making, and an insect repellent. . 2012). (Vijayaraghavan and Vincent 2014). 1988), animal feed additives (Annison 1992) and in bread making (Maat et al. It's also a plentiful and renewable resource. Lowa state press, London, Buvaneswari S, Damodarkumar S, Murugesan S (2013) Bioremediation studies on sugar-mill effluent by selected fungal species. One kilogram of cow manure can produce 3540l of biogas when mixed with equal amount of water with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5560days maintained at an ambient temperature of 2426C (Kalia and Singh 2004). Those who grew up on American farms have their own experiences with cow patties and will probably read of this with a good measure of curiosity. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on November 04, 2017: Hi, Shreyansh. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on January 01, 2017: Hi, Sasanka Ghosh. 2013). 2010; Girija et al. A Soutpansberg dung beetle (Scarabeus schulzeae) from South Africa, Ryanvanhuyssteen, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 License. Asian J Agric Res 4:148154, Orji FA, Ibiere AA, Dike EN (2012) Laboratory scale bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted mangrove swamp in the Niger Delta using cow dung. 2013; Adams et al. J Environ Sci Eng 50:239240, Passatore L, Rossetti S, Juwarkar AA, Massacci A (2014) Phytoremediation and bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): state of knowledge and research perspectives. The synthesis of activated carbon having high surface area along with optimum micropore and mesopore volume reflects excellent electrochemical application of cow dung for supercapacitors. Yes, cow pies really are used as a source of entertainment! Adv Mater 18:20732094, Lehr NA, Meffert A, Antelo L, Sterner O, Anke H, Weber RWS (2006) Antiamoebins, myrocin B and the basis of antifungal biosis in the coprophilous fungus Stilbella erythrocephala (syn. We really do need to take advantage of it! This co-production of biofertiliser also allow farmer to recover the initial investment for setting up of a biogas plant (Sharma 2011). I did know about it as a fertilizer though. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Cow dung and cow urine possess complex degrading substances and may possess antibacterial properties. These practices are adversely affecting the environment quality which is directly related to the quality of life on earth. This review focuses on recent findings being made on cow dung that could be harnessed for usage in different areas such as medicine, agriculture and industry. Accessed 24 Jul 2015, Thomas KV, Dye C, Schlabach M, Langford KH (2007) Source to sink tracking of selected human pharmaceuticals from two Oslo city hospitals and a wastewater treatment works. May I ask if, what is the component/substance of that cow manure which makes it as an insect repellent? This is borne at the top of a stalk projecting beyond the surface of the cow pat. The CD is composed undigested residue of plant matter which has passed through the animal's gut and includes water (80%), undigested residues (14.4%) and various groups of microorganisms . 2014). The study noted a marked increase in potato yield after using fertilizer mixed with animal manure. Now focus is shifting towards natural biomass as a potential source for carbon precursors. Lifesci Leafl 55:6063, Singh D, Fulekar MH (2007) Bioremediation of phenol using microbial consortium in bioreactor. It's therefore a bad idea to allow the raw dung to contact a wound or to come into contact with food, the mouth, or another body opening. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/about70percentindiansliveinruralareascensusreport/article2230211.ece. A few reports have shown the antagonistic properties of these B. subtilis strains against plant pathogens such as Fusarium soalni, Fusarium oxysporum and S. Sclerotiorum (Basak and Lee 2002; Swain et al. Dung also provides great food for earthworms! 1995). Cynthia Zirkwitz from Vancouver Island, Canada on August 23, 2014: Yes, well-written article AliciaC-- our 'nomad farmer' son (he travels about helping his farmer friends) once had charge of four young bovine males as composters (there was no intent to slaughter them or use them for other purposes) and all their gardens flourished.
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