The act further requires that "deliveries under any contract or order specified in this subsection (a) may be assigned priority over deliveries under any other contract or order; and the President may require acceptance of and performance under such contracts or orders in preference to other contracts or orders for the purpose of assuring such priority. Four Vice Chairmen remained at their posts throughout the year: The Vice Chairman (International Supply), William L. Batt; the Vice Chairman for Labor Production, Joseph D. Keenan; the Vice Chairman for Manpower Requirements, Clinton S. Golden; and the Vice Chairman for Smaller War Plants, Maury Maverick, who was appointed in January 1944. WPB holds emergency conferences on critical manpower shortages in foundries. Absenteeism and Labor Turn-Over.--The War Production Board, often in cooperation with the War Manpower Commission, attempted during 1944 to discover and eliminate the causes of absenteeism and labor turnover, to overcome specific bottlenecks as they arose, and to improve the morale and output of the existing labor force. Oil and water pumps Civilian Hard Goods.--In the hard goods field, the War Production Board has been particularly concerned about the necessity for the resumption of some production of refrigerators, washing machines, electric irons, typewriters, and telephones--items whose production for civilian purposes has been prohibited during the war and inventories of which are nearing exhaustion. Carbon black requirements for use in tire production were higher than anything envisioned earlier; beadwire requirements for tires were in direct conflict with requirements for steel for the equally critical communications wire and wire rope programs that had also been substantially increased at the end of the year. Other workers had left voluntarily for industries regarded as more directly contributory to the war program. Intensified day and night bombing of German aircraft plants, communications, and invasion coast. By the end of World War II, half of the world's wartime industrial production was in the United States. The proportion of the pulp supply available for the manufacture of paper and paperboard declined in 1944, chiefly because of the tremendous increase in War Department use of pulp for the manufacture of explosives, and an increase in export requirements. However, while the supply of most textile raw materials was fairly good throughout the year, supplies of hides and skins, cordage fibers, certain chemicals, and many of the textile manufactured products, became more stringent as the year progressed. In general, the lumber control system enabled the Board to eliminate nonessential uses of lumber, reduce essential uses to minimum levels, and effect an over-all balancing of supply and authorized demand that would assure the satisfaction of direct military and other essential requirements. In addition, hundreds of thousands of worker suggestions have improved production methods and reduced manpower, equipment, and material requirements. It intended to bring scientists into effort to help war. To enable claimants and producers to lay out their production schedules on a relatively firm basis over several quarters, advance allotments of controlled materials arc made. Data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in selected industries, including the major war industries, showed the rate of absenteeism to be higher during 10 months of 1944 than for the corresponding months of 1943. increased labor productivity. Greatly increased For example, an M order dealing with iron and steel prohibits the delivery of those metals for use in any one of an appended list of products, principally common civilian items. In May 1940 the President's request for facilities to produce 50,000 planes--little more than half the 1944 output--was considered fantastic. For example, the production and distribution of photographic film came before the Requirements Committee for a full-dress review for the first time in 1944. Four <1 these agencies-- the War Department, the Navy Department, the Maritime Commission, and the Aircraft Resources Control Office---obtain materials for direct military use. of these conditions as large influxes of war workers put unprecedented Fourth Quarter Allotments.--By mid-August, when fourth quarter allocations were made, steel was becoming increasingly tight, as were certain copper shapes. the labor force was at least held together for possible resumption of Allocation programs have been set up, ordinarily on a quarterly, semiannual, or annual basis, apportioning the available supplies to the United Kingdom and the United States, and also, in most cases, to the other United Nations. These figures cover for each of the military and export agencies two types of materials allotments. Office of Rubber Director replaced by Rubber Bureau under James F. Clark. Supply and distribution of most of the textile raw materials were light under Board control early in the war; production was expanded, Imports were increased, requirements were carefully screened, and the materials channeled to the most essential users. Nevertheless, the job was done in a matter of weeks; and the walkie-talkies and bazookas were in the hands of the soldiers who went ashore in Normandy on D-day. In the case of a number of materials and products needed for war production--for example, rubber thread and elastic fabric, kapok, and crawler tractors--careful negotiation by the Board resulted in voluntary sales by the owners, who were thus spared invocation of the Board's requisitioning authority. Although toluene is a valuable component of high-octane gasoline, since it enlivens the gasoline's performance, it is also the basic ingredient of trinitro-toluene, the familiar TNT. A few claimant agencies, instead of authorizing production and allotting materials directly to producers, authorize the War Production Board's industry divisions to make the direct contacts with the manufacturers. Due consideration would be given to the welfare of small business, security factors, transportation, relative unit costs, type of contract, and the effect of cut-backs on subcontractors. Lo and the Saar, Paris and Rome, in Europe; and in that ocean misnamed Pacific, Kwajalein and Eniwetok, Guam and Saipan, Palau, and Leyte. The sharpest reduction for a major organizational area occurred in the Office of the Vice Chairman for Metals and Minerals, which declined 50 percent, from 1,413 to 714, as a result of the easier situation in the supply of many materials. Pulp remained a serious problem for the War Production Board at the year's end. the extremely heavy military plant construction expenditures of 1942 had Indicated an intense preoccupation with the need for a huge output munitions and military equipment, so the shift in plant construction interval between the time when canceled or terminated Army or Navy This policy was embodied in the Board order of December 7 that nonmilitary production, with few exceptions, should not exceed fourth-quarter 1944 authorization. They flew some World War I-era planes to the Canadian border, parked them a few feet from a border crossing, and let the Canadian authorities tow the planes over the border with ropes. Equipment was a problem during 1944. Electric Batteries.--Electric batteries, both storage and dry cell, presented A. Krug was appointed Acting Chairman. Even in 1944, though, the United States had no comfortable safety margin of rubber supply. These smaller groups more accurately mirror the changing face of the war and therefore show much more marked fluctuations. US industries did a booming business, far exceeding their production and profits of the 1920s. The production of refinery products increased in proportion, with December 1944 output of gasoline, including aviation fuel, being almost 2.1 million barrels per day. During 1944, therefore, WPB approved applications involving water works construction in the United States and foreign countries, with a total cost of almost $120 million. knows the small electric motors as the activating power of his By the This important provision reads: "Whenever the President is satisfied that the fulfillment of requirements for the defense of the United States will result in a shortage in the supply of any material or of any facilities for defense or for private account or for export, the President may allocate such material or facilities in such manner, upon such conditions and to such extent as he shall deem necessary or appropriate in the public interest and to promote the national defense. Yet the portion of our total production that went out of the country under lend-lease was for the most part quite small--20 percent of our petroleum products, but only 6 percent of the metals, 7 percent of the foodstuffs, and 11 percent of the munitions that we produced. Copper wire was also in a tight position, as military demand for communication wire increased. Thank you. Although the prolongation of the European war, accompanied by critical shortages of manpower and many war items, dictated a suspension of reconversion activity, the War Production Board's efforts in this direction during the year had considerable affirmative value. Learn more about the achievements and sacrifices of Canadian women in uniform by exploring the Canada Remembers Women in the Canadian Military historical sheet.. functions, even though at this level many industrial plants get smaller quantities of materials and components than they would like to have. During preceding months, steps had been taken to assure that if munitions programs were gradually cut back even before victory in Europe was achieved, we should be ready to absorb the released labor, facilities, and materials in production of civilian goods. September, when he was succeeded by Hiland G. Batcheller, and the latter in turn by Harold Boeschenstein in December. was cut back, releasing some machining facilities to the Through the close cooperation of industry advisory committees and labor advisory committees with the Board, both management and labor have contributed to the formulation of Board policies that are subsequently expressed in orders and regulations. landing craft and other essential requirements. Many orders were revised after examination of the means of material control employed in them. The The military agencies alone--War Department, Navy Department, Aircraft Resources Control Office, and Maritime Commission were allotted either directly or through the agency of the War Production Board's industry divisions, approximately 55 percent of the carbon steel; 75 percent of the alloy steel; 83 percent, 58 percent, and 69 percent respectively of the brass mill, wire mill, and foundry copper and copper base alloy products; and 78 percent of the aluminum. Some of this production was. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain arrives in London holding the Munich Agreement signed by Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy. cylinder liner production under demand, but an expansion program approved OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN, The right of court review to determine whether any administrative action is arbitrary or capricious already existed. By the end of the first half of the year we had seen such impressive bombers; 30,889 ships; 17,565 tanks; 595,330 Army Service Forces trucks; 3,284 heavy field guns and howitzers, and 7,454 light ones; 152,000 Army aircraft rocket launchers and 215,177 of the 2.36-inch Bazookas; 1,416,774 short tons of ground artillery ammunition; and much more besides. During 1943, an expansion program for the tire and tube industry, designed to offset the production losses which experience at that time indicated would result from the use of synthetic rubber, was initiated, to be completed by the end of 1944. Any thought of canceling the C premium for zinc production was abandoned, however, when the 1945 lead requirements became known, since such cancellation would mean the loss of some 12,000 tons of lead. Through the entire cotton textile picture has run the necessity for overcoming the disappearance and quality deterioration of low-priced merchandise. As machine tools were installed, the capacity to consume metals outran the capacity for producing them. Like lumber, paper and paper products have been put to hundreds of new uses during the war as substitutes for other critical products, leaving less for requirements of paper and paper products for the more. Six agencies--the War Food Administration, the Office of Defense Transportation, the Petroleum Administration for War, the National Housing Agency, the Office of Civilian Requirements of the War Production Board, and the Office of War Utilities of the War Production Board--are concerned with materials for indirect military and civilian uses. An accumulated rainfall deficiency, constituting a serious potential threat to the Nation's water supplies at the beginning of 1944, was relieved by widespread and heavy rainfall in February and March. to which it was accustomed, has been maintained in a sound and healthy condition. 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. President asks Bureau of the Budget to plan for revision of Government organization and reduction in personnel after end of war in Europe. To illustrate the magnitude of the transition to wartime production, there were about 3 million automobiles manufactured in the U.S. in 1941. In a number of cases, bottleneck operations were subcontracted and The programming of end-products for export, however, was troublesome throughout 1944. War Production Board - UtahRails.net In determining the aggregate allotments for each controlled material, the major problem was the proper allowance to be made for attrition. Because output per capita in the United States is the highest in the world, American civilians would still be left much better provided with goods and services than those of any other belligerent even if this country used a substantially larger proportion of its economic resources for war purposes than it does.
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