One has to appreciate a medieval figure whom Martin Luther and John Calvin looked on with favor and, to a certain degree, approval. These are the picked troops of God, whom he has recruited from the ends of the earth; the valiant men of Israel chosen to guard well and faithfully that tomb which is the bed of the true Solomon, each man sword in hand, and superbly trained to war. Bernard of Clairvaux - Wikiquote (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was an abbot, mystic, co-founder of the Knights Templar, and a major leader in the reformation of the Benedictine Order through the nascent Cistercian Order. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. ON WORLDLY KNIGHTHOOD For this, he was offered, and he refused, the see of Milan. Life indeed is a fruitful thing and victory is glorious, but a holy death is more important than either. (June 30, 2023). In place of candlesticks, censers and ewers, this house is well furnished with saddles, bits and lances. A twofold joy and a twofold benefit, since their countrymen are as glad to be rid of them as their new comrades are to receive them. Moved therefore by their King's example, his devoted soldiers consider that it is even more shameful and infinitely more intolerable for a holy place to be polluted by pagans than to be crowded with merchants. As a preacher he soon became famous locally; people came to pray at his simple monastery. They wear what he gives them, and do not presume to wear or to eat anything from another source. What could be more profitable and pleasant to behold than seeing such a multitude coming to reinforce the few? Catholicism Saints St. Bernard of Clairvaux St. Bernard of Clairvaux Born in 1090, at Fontaines, near Dijon. The first abbot of Clairvaux developed a rich theology of sacred space and music, writing extensively on both. Thus Egypt rejoices in their conversion and departure while Mount Sion rejoices and the daughters of Juda are glad to acquire these new protectors. In the first case one gains for Christ, and in the second one gains Christ himself. In the year 1128, Bernard attended the Council of Troyes, at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar,[a] which soon became an ideal of Christian nobility. Bernard preached the Wendish Crusade against Western Slavs, setting a goal to the crusade of battling them "until such a time as, by God's help, they shall either be converted or deleted".[20]. THE INSTITUTION OF THE CRUSADE St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Scottsdale, AZ Mass & Confession Times Mass Monday-Friday: 9:00am Saturday: 9:00am & 5:00pm Sunday: 7:30am, 9:00am, 11:00am Confession Wednesday: 5:00pm - 6:00pm in the Church Saturday: 3:30pm 4:30pm in the Church Special Masses 1st Monday: 6:00pm Padre Pio Mass 1st Wednesday: 7:00pm Divine Mercy Mass (Paris, 1895), often reprinted. ", Unfortunately, condemning and recording such behavior did not stop it. But if it is permitted to all those so destined by God, as is indeed the case provided they have not embraced a higher calling, to whom, I ask, may it be allowed more rightly than to those whose hands and hearts hold for us Sion, the city of our strength? Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. This is the revenge which Christ contrives against his enemies, to triumph powerfully and gloriously over them by their own means. II. He joined the Cistercian monastery at Citeaux in c. 1111, and established at Clairvaux in 1115 a daughter house in which he insisted on rigorous observance and discipline. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [14] His preaching, aided by his ascetic looks and simple attire, helped doom the new sects. On Grace and Free Choice (Volume 19) (Cistercian Fathers Series) by. The powerful members of the audience were swept away by the strong words of this "honey-tongued teacher," as Bernard has been called. James Meeker Ludlow describes the scene romantically in his book The Age of the Crusades: A large platform was erected on a hill outside the city. One is able to delight there in splendid merits rather than in shining marble, and to be captivated by pure hearts rather than by gilded paneling. Bernard advocated crusades in general and convinced many to participate in the unsuccessful Second Crusade, notably through a famous sermon at Vzelay (1146). "The voice of conscience, the dominating figure in the Catholic Church from 1125 to 1153", his authority helped to end the schism of 1130. "[16], Bernard then passed into Germany, and the reported miracles which multiplied almost at his every step undoubtedly contributed to the success of his mission. They did not interact with society, as did other monastic orders. Bernard of Clairvaux, O. Cist. He remains one of the most studied figures in church history. ", 6. Question Who was Bernard of Clairvaux? Encyclopedia.com. They busy themselves to carry away the incalculable riches placed in Jerusalem by the Christian peoples, to profane the holy things and to possess the sanctuary of God as their heritage. Bernard of Clairvaux: A Difficult Saint for Our Time The little community of reformed Benedictines at Cteaux grew rapidly. Ramus, Peter Bernard himself had to travel to Germany to stop these killings (see box in previous page). St. Bernard of Clairvaux - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online Nor do they presume on their own strength, but trust in the Lord of armies to grant them the victory. . Clairvaux soon started founding new communities. Feastday: August 20 Death: 1153 Author and Publisher - Catholic Online Printable Catholic Saints PDFs Shop St. Bernard of Clairvaux St. Bernard, Abbot and Doctor of the Church St. Bernard was born of noble parentage in Burgundy, France, in the castle of Fontaines near Dijon. How holy and secure this knighthood and how entirely free of the double risk run by those men who fight not for Christ! Malachy died at Clairvaux in 1148. Of course we must not let these literal fulfillments blind us to the spiritual meaning of the texts, for we must live in eternal hope in spite of such temporal realizations of prophetic utterances. In June 1145, at the invitation of Cardinal Alberic of Ostia, Bernard traveled in southern France. Having waited thus for quite some time to no purpose, I have now done what I could, lest my inability should be mistaken for unwillingness. "Praised be You my Lord with all Your creatures, especially S, I. Four brothers, an uncle, two cousins, an architect, and two seasoned monks under the leadership of Bernard endured extreme About the same time, Bernard was visited at Clairvaux by Malachy, Primate of All Ireland, and a very close friendship formed between them. Bernard later commented that Gerard was his most formidable opponent during the whole schism. (b. Tours, France, 1602; d. Paris, France, 14 February 1676) 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Bernard of Clairvaux, St. Bernard of Clairvaux, St (1090-1153). The former gladly see their cruel despoilers depart, while the latter gladly welcome their faithful defenders; so that the one is agreeably heartened, while the other is profitably abandoned. The roots of the institution of the crusade are to be found in the political, cultural and theological dev, LUTHER, MARTIN [13] Henry of Lausanne's followers became known as Henricians. Lothair ultimately helped restore the pope to his rightful place in Rome. Thousands of Crusaders died of disease even before reaching the Holy Land. The Lord freely accepts the death of the foe who has offended him, and yet more freely gives himself for the consolation of his fallen knight. In his "Apology," dating from 1125 and quoted in the Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Bernard takes these rich and lazy orders of monks to task for their luxurious surroundings: In short, so many and so marvelous are the various shapes surrounding us that it is more pleasant to read the marble than the books, and to spend the whole day marveling over these things rather than meditating on the law of God. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. However, Innocent insisted on Bernard's company when he met with Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ST.(1090-1153) St. Bernard of Clairvaux, the monastic reformer and theologian, was born of a noble family at Fontaine, France, near Dijon. The Cloward-Piven Strategy and the socialist-communist devouring of the United States, Russia on the Brink of Civil War? Dominican theologian and mystic; b. in one of two villages called Hochheim in Thuringia, c. 1260; d. 1327 or 1328. . Category:Lactatio Bernardi - Wikimedia Commons "Bernard of Clairvaux: Apology." Westminster, MD: Newman, 1952. Williams was a professor at the University of Manchester in England and was one of the first English scholars in the 20th century to do serious research on Bernard. Bernard of Clairvaux | SpringerLink St. Bernard of Clairvaux, despite once referring to himself as a "noisy and troublesome frog", lived a life packed full of intrigue and influence. The ORB: On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies.http://the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/monastic/bernard.html (accessed on June 24, 2004). Born at Fontaines-les-Dijon in Burgundy 1090 into a family of the lower nobility, Bernard was educated by the canons of St. Vorles at Chtillon-sur-Seine. Therefore those who have seen you are most happily filled with the great abundance of your sweetness and are well nourished on your munificent bounty. Above all, there is that terrible insecurity of conscience, in spite of all your armor, since you have dared to undertake such a dangerous business on such slight and frivolous grounds. Bernard of Clairvaux - Wikipedia Born to Burgundy nobility in 1090, Bernard was the third of the aristocratic couple's seven children. Encyclopedia.com. Bernard's influence was soon felt in provincial affairs. Study the chronology of St. Bernard's life through his collected letters. Know that neither death nor life can separate you from the love of God which is in Jesus Christ, and in every peril repeat, "Whether we live or whether we die, we are the Lord's." As for myself, I take it to be a small matter to be judged by those 'who call evil good, and good evil, whose darkness is light, whose light darkness. Woman of the century! Luddy, Ailbe J. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. They are mindful of the words of Maccabees, "It is simple enough for a multitude to be vanquished by a handful. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1999. Gerard of Clairvaux (died 1286), abbot of Clairvaux (as Gerard II) This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the . The full text, along with comprehensive notes, may be found in The Cistercian Fathers Series: Number Nineteen, The Works of Bernard of Clairvaux: Volume Seven, Treatises III, translated by Conrad Greenia, Cistercian Publications, Kalamazoo, Mich., 1977. Bernard also took an interest in church doctrine (beliefs). The males were respected knights, or gentlemen trained in the art of war. Origins. Truly, as we have heard, so we have now seen in the city of the Lord of armies. The structure wa, Bernard M. Baruch College of the City University of New York: Tabular Data, Bernard M. Baruch College of the City University of New York: Narrative Description, Bernard J. Lotka and Tillie Michalski Trials: 1943. However, Anacletus II and his friends occupied Rome, the seat of church power, and Innocent II was forced to leave the city. He has ransomed Jerusalem. Knight and duke of Lower Lorraine, leader of the First, The term Catholic, which etymologically means universal, is used within Christianity to differentiate it from other Christian communions such as the, Constructed in 326, during the reign of the Emperor Constantine, this building in Jerusalem was meant to protect the tomb of Christ. What if not the mortal sin of the victor and the eternal death of the vanquished? Once he finds himself in the thick of battle, this knight sets aside his previous gentleness, as if to say, "Do I not hate those who hate you, O Lord; am I not disgusted with your enemies?" They rival one another in mutual consideration, and they carry one another's burdens, thus fulfilling the law of Christ. "Bernard of Clairvaux." Towards the end of 1134, he made a second journey into Aquitaine, where William X had relapsed into schism. Believe me, you will find more lessons in the woods than in books. Military Orders ", Bernard wrote to Gerard of Angoulme (a letter known as Letter 126), which questioned Gerard's reasons for supporting Anacletus. But an even greater show of support came from the common people. Bernard invited William to the Mass which he celebrated in the Church of La Couldre. Books by Bernard of Clairvaux (Author of Selected Works) - Goodreads [28] He is labeled the "Mellifluous Doctor" for his eloquence. He was a medieval pioneer of the analysis and explanation of mystical experience. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Burgundian saint, abbot and theologian (10901153). Gerard of Clairvaux - Wikipedia Bernard died at age sixty-three on 20 August 1153, after forty years of monastic life. His father was killed during the First Crusade (1095-99), when Christian soldiers traveled to Palestine and Jerusalem to free the sacred sites of Christianity from control by the Muslims, or followers of the Islamic religion. St. Bernard of Clairvaux trans. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. There is not left one man to seven women, and everywhere there are widows to still-living husbands. Aug 20, 2022 < 1 Min Read (Wikimedia Commons) St. Bernard was born in 1090 and joined the Cistercians at age 22. In his Sermons on the Canticle, Bernard was also a pioneer in the clear description of his own mystical experience, which in many ways resembled that of St. Teresa of vila. Hail mistress of nations and queen of provinces, heritage of patriarchs, mother of apostles and prophets, source of the faith and glory of the Christian people! These first sections deal directly with the Knights Templar and are of great importance to students of the early military orders. Many letters, treatises, and other works, falsely attributed to him survive, and are now referred to as works by pseudo-Bernard. Otherwise the tangible would supplant the intangible, material poverty would threaten spiritual wealth and present possessions would forestall future fulfillment. In 1830, more than six hundred years after he was canonized, Bernard was declared a doctor of the church, a respected explainer of church doctrine. In his "Apologia for the Second Crusade," quoted in the Internet Medieval Sourcebook, he does not apologize at all. He also played a very important role in the growth of the Cistercian order. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. As he then troubled the princes of darkness in the strength of his mighty hand, so there he now wipes out their followers, the children of disbelief, scattering them by the hands of his mighty ones. He was sent to the best of schools, had a great taste for literature and loved poetry. The crusading armies finally assembled and set off for Jerusalem and the Holy Land, but a combination of overconfidence, lack of discipline, and infighting among the various local Christian princes and the leaders of the expedition led to a tragic failure. He distrusted contemporary dialectic, partly because of a justified apprehension of the dangers in the formulas of both his opponents, but most of all because his approach to theological truth was by way of meditation and intuitive penetration, whereas theirs was by way of logical expression and analysis. (June 29, 2023). window.__mirage2 = {petok:"blik7i3fae9pxsdhlJuptV41nT.Ns.6yw9ToIeHttfk-86400-0"}; See also Abelard, Peter; Augustine, St.; Gregory of Nyssa; Love; Medieval Philosophy; Mysticism, History of; Neoplatonism; Origen; Pseudo-Dionysius; Teresa of vila, St. Works by Bernard are to be found in Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina. Believing himself at last secure in his cloister, Bernard devoted himself to the composition of the works which won for him the title of "Doctor of the Church". German Reformer; b. Eisleben, village in Thuringia, Nov. 10, 1483; d. there, Feb. 18, 1546. It was at this council that Bernard composed a rule for the Knights Templar; it soon became an ideal of Christian nobility. Bernard's influence was many-sided. You may say that the whole multitude has but one heart and one soul to the point that nobody follows his own will, but rather seeks to follow the commander. Now it will not do to be a murderer, living or dead, victorious or vanquished. 1182 Throughout his life he was a tireless founder, reformer, preacher, and writer who, as friend or opponent, made contact with almost every notable in . Thus they shun every excess in clothing and food and content themselves with what is necessary. He wrote at this time his sermons on the Song of Songs. Bernard of Clairvaux made a personal appearance in the Rhine Valley of Germany to try to stop the renegade monk Randolph from urging the people to kill Jews at the start of the Second Crusade (114749). He was a key figure in the Cistercian Order and was a significant figure in the development of Western monasticism and spirituality. How secure, I say, is life when death is anticipated without fear; or rather when it is desired with feeling and embraced with reverence! Although Bernard was sick most of his life, he still managed to work long hours. When that Crusade failed badly, he blamed the sins of the Crusaders. Internet Medieval Sourcebook.http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/bernard1.html (accessed on June 24, 2004). Bernard had returned to France in June and was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130. THEIR QUARTERS indeed are in the very temple of Jerusalem, which is not as vast as the ancient masterpiece of Solomon, but is no less glorious. It certainly is not safe to kill or to be killed for such causes as these. He defended the role he had played in organizing the Crusade and refused to admit it was a mistake. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Retrieved June 30, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bernard-clairvaux-st-1090-1153. The Crusades Reference Library. Bernard of Clairvaux was one of the most powerful figures of the twelfth century. Encyclopedia of Philosophy. You will no longer be referred to as the forsaken one, nor your land any more termed a wilderness; for the Lord takes his delight in you, and your land shall be peopled. Early life and career Bernard preached that Crusaders who killed in the name of God would have all their sins removed. Peter Abelard was born at Le Pallet, outside of Nantes (Brittany). [b] In 1137, he was again forced to leave the abbey by order of the pope to put an end to the quarrel between Lothair and Roger of Sicily. 1. He was probably n, Bernard M. Baruch College of the City University of New York: Tabular Data, Bernard M. Baruch College of the City University of New York: Narrative Description, Bernard J. Lotka and Tillie Michalski Trials: 1943. The Crusades Reference Library. Certainly it is proper that the nations who love war should be scattered, that those who trouble us should be cut off, and that all the workers of iniquity should be dispersed from the city of the Lord. St. Bernard of Clairvaux - Christian Classics Ethereal Library Pope Innocent II died in the year 1143. Bernard was canonized just 21 years after his death by Pope Alexander III. Bernard found it expedient to dwell upon taking the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace. Indeed holiness is the fitting ornament for God's house. His influence restrained theological improvisation and methodical virtuosity, and left the field clear for the great scholastics of the next century. How blessed to die there as a martyr! [4] During the absence of the Bishop of Langres, Bernard was blessed as abbot by William of Champeaux, Bishop of Chlons-sur-Marne. 26 Jun 2023 18:39:22 (b. "Military Orders: In Praise of the New Knighthood." At the age of 14, he was sent to, Bosse, Abraham This he did, but when the campaign continued, Bernard traveled from Flanders to Germany to deal with the problems in person. They now saw that the knights of Europe could be defeated if Muslims united against them. Bernard was attracted to the reforming philosophy of the Cistercians, who wanted to bring religion back to basics. Strong leaders rose up and tried to unite the people of Islam, a diverse group that included Turks, Arabs, and North Africans, among others in the region. An unbalanced state of mind, showing itself in talk unseasonably joyous and sad. "St. Bernard of Clairvaux." In 1130 bigger matters attracted his interest, involving the election of a new pope, or leader of the Roman Catholic Church and essentially of Christianity in Europe. RAMUS, PETER The Crusades. Bernard is said to have held a meeting with Abelard intending to persuade him to amend his writings, during which Abelard repented and promised to do so. See the happiness which comes to you from your God. Bernard of Clairvaux, Daniel O'Donovan OCSO (Translator), Bernard McGinn (Introduction) 3.80 avg rating 60 ratings published 1988 43 editions. [11] Bernard sent him, at the pope's own request, various instructions which comprise the Book of Considerations, the predominating idea of which is that the reformation of the Church ought to commence with the sanctity of the pope. A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation, Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae, representing the combined will of earth and heaven, https://books.google.com/books?id=kkoJAQAAIAAJ, List of Latin nicknames of the Middle Ages: Doctors in theology, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, patron saint archive, Audio on the life of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Database with all known medieval representations of Bernard, "Here Followeth the Life of St. Bernard, the Mellifluous Doctor", "Two Accounts of the Early Career of St. Bernard", Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Abbot, Doctor of the Church-1153, Lewis E 26 De consideratione (On Consideration) at OPenn, MS 484/11 Super cantica canticorum at OPenn, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_of_Clairvaux&oldid=1157716870, 12th-century French Roman Catholic priests, Pre-Reformation saints of the Lutheran liturgical calendar, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0.
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