Both of the empires had diverse military strategies that they use to ensure that they ruled throughout Asia, with the Ottoman Empire extending into the European region. Later, the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. In just a few short decades, his campaigns led to one of the largest empires in history. The Abbasids moved the empires capital from Damascus, in modern-day Syria, to Baghdad, in modern-day Iraq, in 762 CE. Among these changes came the formation of many outstanding empires that included the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. It is preferable, therefore, to centre the discussion of Umayyad and Abbasid monuments on the functional and morphological characteristics that identify the new Muslim world and only secondarily be concerned with stylistic progression or regional differences. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 C.E., there was a series of four rulers, known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and, lastly, Muhammads son-in-law, Ali. The Medina mosque was essentially a large hypostyle with a courtyard. The new understanding by the religious and political leadership led in many cases to a weakening or breakdown of the social and religious structures of parallel religious communities such as Christians and Jews. Historical developments: pre-Islamic literature, Decline of Classical Arabic literary style, Middle Period: the rise of Persian and Turkish poetry, Lyric poetry: Moammad Shams al-Dn fe, European and colonial influences: emergence of Western forms, The relation of music to poetry and dance, The relation of Islamic music to music of other cultures, The beginning of Islam and the first four caliphs, The Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties: classical Islamic music, Types and social functions of dance and theatre, Early period: the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, Architecture in Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia, Mongol Iran: Il-Khanid and Timurid periods, Islamic art under European influence and contemporary trends. The eye, according to Hunain ibn Ishaq: Scholars developed large encyclopedias of medical knowledge during the Islamic Golden Age, such as this one from a manuscript dated circa 1200. Despite the fact that Ottoman and Mungal Empire never forced conversions into Islam, the Ottoman Empire was heavily relying on the tough military training. Umar ibn Khattab, the second caliph, was killed by a Persian named Piruz Nahavandi. Some Muslims felt that only members of Muhammads Banu Hashim clan or those of his own lineage, such as the descendants of Ali, should rule. One grandson of Hisham, Abd al-Rahman . When Abbasids declared amnesty for members of the Umayyad family, eighty gathered to receive pardons, and all were massacred. Unfortunately, too little is known about other cities to be able to demonstrate that this pattern was a common one. Some non-Muslim populations did experience persecution, however. Sunni Muslims believe and confirm that Abu Bakr was chosen by the community and that this was the proper procedure. The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad dynasty in 750 CE, supporting the mawali, or non-Arab Muslims, by moving the capital to Baghdad in 762 CE. The dynasty's capital was at Baghdad. The uniform coinage also facilitated trade, as there was now a single currency with standardized iconography and denominations. In order to make the Greek tradition more accessible, understandable, and teachable, Islamic scholars organized the Greco-Roman medical knowledge into encyclopedias. The 13th-century philosophical movement based on Averroes work is called Averroism. Non-Muslims paid a poll tax for policing to the central state. In 793 CE, the Shia (also called Shiite) dynasty of Idrisids gained authored over Fez in Morocco. Scientists advanced the fields of algebra, calculus, geometry, chemistry, biology, medicine, and astronomy. Umars successor, Uthman Ibn Affan, was elected by a council of electors (Majlis). However, after 697 C.E., coins were minted with religious inscriptions in Arabic, the date, and the mints location. In the Caliphates, Islamic culture helped unite the population while Aztec ritualistic culture unified the ethnically diverse peoples of the Aztec Empire. What Religion Were The Umayyads? - FAQS Clear The people of the Islamic world created numerous sophisticated centers of culture and science with far-reaching mercantile networks, travelers, scientists, hunters, mathematicians, doctors, and philosophers, all contributing to the Golden Age of Islam. The new faiths requirement for centralization, or a space for a large and constantly growing community, could not be met by any existing architectural form. Many tribes claimed that they had submitted to Muhammad and that with Muhammads death, their allegiance had ended. The Umayyad Caliphate became one of the largest unitary states in history and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents. This was especially true for dinars, or gold coins of high value, which were inscribed with quotes from the Quran. Both the Abbasids and the Byzantines were places where important cultural hubs existed and where trade flourished throughout the whole empire. These coins included images, such as the standing caliph type, and were accompanied by Arabic inscriptions (or, in the case of coins minted in Iran, Pahlavi, or Middle Persian, inscriptions). Abbasids. Abd al-Malik also radically reformed coinage. Ali would eventually become the fourth Sunni caliph. The very same uncertainty surrounds the second pattern, which consisted in forcibly transforming sanctuaries of older faiths into Muslim ones. In Jerusalem this space happened to be a particularly holy onethe area of the Jewish temple built by Herod the Great, which had been left willfully abandoned and ruined by the triumphant Christian empire. It was the only Muslim dynasty ever to control the whole of the Islamic-conquered world. "Compare and contrast the umayyad and abbasid dynasties - StudyMode Abbasid control eventually disintegrated, and the edges of the empire declared local autonomy. Conversion to Islam was boosted by missionary activities, particularly those of Imams, who easily intermingled with local populace to propagate religious teachings. In the year 661 A.D. many converted to the Sunni ways, for they were very successful. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and administrators. To retain the cohesion of the Islamic state, Abu Bakr divided his Muslim army to force the Arabian tribes into submission. Byzantine vs Abbasid During the postclassical era many great empires arose. The Abbasids were comfortable with their inherited empire, but the Umayyads were bold and advocated military expansion. PDF Abbasid vs. Umayyad Empire - Florida Gulf Coast University There are repeating elements in Islamic art, such as the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque. This period of growth played a huge role in the power, control, and population of the Sunni Muslims while the Shittes remained uninvolved. Islamic art, sciences, maths, medicine, architecture, Islamic. Before the advent of paper, papyrus and parchment were used for writing. Detail of arabesque decoration at the Alhambra in Spain: Arabesque in Islamic art is often used to symbolize the transcendent, indivisible, and infinite nature of God. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It occurred first in Syria and Iraq, the two areas with the largest influx of Muslims and with the two successive capitals of the empire, Damascus under the Umayyads and Baghdad under the early Abbasids. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty, hailing from Mecca. Although it is not possible to generalize with any degree of certainty, two patterns seem to emerge. Abroms10. The Abbasid Empire. Local governors had begun to exert greater autonomy, using their increasing power to make their positions hereditary. The classical empire, Imperial Rome, and the post classical empire, the Abbasid Dynasty, are similar in ways and different in other ways. This article will look at, 1. The Islamic Golden Age started with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. Mass conversions brought a large influx of Muslims to the caliphate. The Fatimid Caliphate at its height, c. 969 CE: The Fatimid dynasty broke from the Abbasids in 909 CE and created separate lines of caliphs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Palestine until 1171 CE. During the 4th through the 7th centuries, scholarly work in the Syriac and Greek languages was either newly initiated or carried on from the Hellenistic period. The main comparisons between these two empires is that they relied upon trade and were ruled by the head of the church. Uthman was killed by members of a disaffected group. Though lacking in political power, the dynasty continued to claim authority in religious matters until after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Discuss the spread of Islam and identify how the caliphs maintained authority over conquered territories. In the years following the Prophet Muhammads death, the expansion of Islam was carried out by his successor caliphates, who increased the territory of the Islamic state and sought converts from both polytheistic and monotheistic religions. 'Abd al-Malik's reform introduced a purely epigraphic coinage which created a complete break with the past. These residences included audience halls, baths, and mosques, as well as extensive grounds. It is possible to study those centuries as a succession of clusters of monuments, but, because there are so many of them, a study can easily end up as an endless list. People of other religions like, religions of pagan gods, were forced to convert. Even though culture was present in each area, the cultures were not the same and there were separate religious beliefs and practices; for example the Byzantine Empire was mainly Orthodox Christian while the Abbasid Caliphate was Sunni Muslim. Abbasid Caliphate - Wikipedia However, the Shiat Al, the Party of Ali, were again disappointed when the Abbasid dynasty took power, as the Abbasids were descended from Muhammads uncle `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib, and not from Ali. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE. The expansion of the Arab Empire in the years following the Prophet Muhammad s death led to the creation of caliphates, who occupied a vast geographical area and sought converts to Islamic faith. The Abbasid victors desecrated the tombs of the Umayyads in Syria, sparing only that of Umar II, and most of the remaining members of the Umayyad family were tracked down and killed. The big difference of the two empires was their religious practices, The Islamic caliphates consisted of Islam and Muslims but the byzantine empire believed in orthodox Christians. By 1000 CE, they had become the chief political and ideological challenge to Abbasid Sunni Islam. The expansion of the Arab Empire in the years following the Prophet Muhammads death led to the creation of caliphates occupying a vast geographical area. For the subjects of this new empire, formerly subjects of the greatly reduced Byzantine and obliterated Sassanid empires, not much changed in practice. Ibn Ruhd also held that the soul is divided into two parts, one individual and one divine; while the individual soul is not eternal, all humans at the basic level share one and the same divine soul. Abd-ar-Rahman III united al-Andalus and brought the Christian kingdoms of the north under control through force and diplomacy. Despite the fact that both Persia and China were great empires in two different regions, their governing methods coincide in the systems of organization and basic infrastructures; but they differed greatly in the beliefs of both the government and people. While the non-Muslim population had autonomy, their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or their appointees. al-Walid was succeeded by a series of male relatives who ruled until 749 C.E. Both of the empires had gone through times of growth as well as prosperity. 299 Words 2 Pages Good Essays Read More Umayyad vs Abbasid Even though the Abbasid Caliphs were the direct succors of the Umayyad they ruled entirely differently. It seized power in 750, when it finally defeated the Umayyads in battle, and flourished for two centuries, but . Outside Iraq, all the autonomous provinces slowly became states with hereditary rulers, armies, and revenues. According to one common view, the Umayyads transformed the caliphate from a religious institution (during the Rashidun) to a dynastic one. The Umayyad Caliphate, which emerged after the Rashidun Caliphate collapsed, was characterized by hereditary elections and territory expansion. St. John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. Map of the Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850 CE: The Abbasid dynasty ruled as caliphs from their capital in Baghdad, in modern Iraq, after taking over authority of the Muslim empire from the Umayyads in 750 CE. Abbasid leadership cultivated intellectual, cultural, and scientific developments in the Islamic Golden Age. This led to more and more revolts. Al-Aq Mosque consisted of an undetermined number of naves (possibly as many as 15) parallel to each other in a north-south direction. The caliph himself was under protection of the Buyid Emirs, who possessed all of Iraq and western Iran, and were quietly Shia in their sympathies. The Umayyad and Abbasid Empires | Boundless World History - Course Hero Abd al-Malik also undertook public works, constructing roads, canals, and dams. Also both empires initiated the jizya, a tax, for all monotheistic non- Muslims. This art used symmetric polygonal shapes to create patterns that can continue indefinitely without repeating. Muawiyah, a relative of Uthman and governor (Wali) of Syria, became one of Alis challengers, and after Alis assassination managed to overcome the other claimants to the caliphate. From Syria and Iraq this new taste spread in all directions and adapted itself to local conditions and local materials, thus creating considerable regional and chronological variations in early Islamic art. . How did the Abbasid Dynasty differ from the Umayyad Dynasty? Before Muslims were ready to build mosques in Syria, they accepted Christian churches as holy places and shared them with local Christians. Beginning in 692, the Islamic caliphate reformed the coinage of the Near East by replacing visual depiction with words. According to him, there is no conflict between religion and philosophy; rather they are different ways of reaching the same truth. By 900 CE, the Abbasids controlled only central Mesopotamia, and the Byzantine Empire began to reconquer western Anatolia. After the death of Muhammad and a relatively brief period of rule by the Rashidun Caliphs, the Umayyad Dynasty gained the reins of power. As Islamic merchants and missionaries spread Islam to the people, forms of Islamic culture spread with them. Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. 21 frames Reader view Comparing and Contrasting the Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties The Umayyads The Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 A.D. Sunni Muslims are those of the Umayyad dynasty, whereas Shiites are the Abbasid dynasty (Ringmar 76). Before 1450 The Byzantine and Islamic Empires both had their similarities and differences in the way they governed. Abd al-Malik was succeeded by his son, al-Walid I, who built the Great Mosque in Damascus (see photo near top of page) another of the most important surviving monuments from the early Islamic period. Mistakes in repetitions may be intentionally introduced as a show of humility by artists who believe only God can produce perfection, although this theory is disputed. In 1055 the Abbasids were overpowered by the Seljuqs, who took what temporal power may have been left to the caliph but respected his position as the titular leader, restoring the authority of the caliphate, especially during the reigns of al-Mustarshid (111835), al-Muqtaf, and al-Nir. He used this to find the volume of a paraboloid. Identify the causes of, and developments during, the Islamic Golden Age. Is the person on the coinage reform Abd al-Malik? During the Golden Age, the major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Crdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammads companions, who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated the successor by Muhammad at Ghadir Khumm. Significant conversions also occurred beyond the extents of the empire, such as that of the Turkic tribes in Central Asia and peoples living in regions south of the Sahara in Africa through contact with Muslim traders active in the area and Sufi orders. When compared with the first Muslim buildings of Iraq and Egypt, the monuments of al-Wald are characterized by the growing complexity of their forms, by the appearance of uniquely Muslim symbolic and functional features, and by the quality of their construction. The Abbasids no longer controlled Spain, where an independent Umayyad caliphate had been established (see Caliphate of Crdoba); and in Egypt as well as in northeastern Iran a number of more or less independent dynasties appeared, such as the lnids or the Samanids. The Arabs assimilated the scientific knowledge of the civilizations they had overrun, including the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations. Eventually, supporters of the Banu Hashim and the supporters of the lineage of Ali united to bring down the Umayyads in 750. Some similarities between the Umayyads and the Abbasids are their government, where they rule from, and how they treat the people they conquer. Women were not secluded or forced to wear a veil in the Umayyad Empire. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 5.79 million square miles and included 62 million people (29% of the worlds population), making it the fifth largest empire in history in both area and proportion of the worlds population. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Umayyad and Abbasid dynasty., Mu'awiyah., Berbers and more. The Umayyads also constructed famous buildings such as the Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem and the Umayyad Mosque at Damascus. Almost accidentally, therefore, the new Muslim cities of Iraq created the hypostyle mosque (a building with the roof resting on rows of columns). The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. Umayyad clan by Abu al-Abbas (founder of the Abbasid Caliphate) (7501258 CE)Umayyad troops, garrisoned on the frontier for years at a time, were becoming increasingly disgusted with the lavish lifestyle of the Umayyad caliphs. The two empires had various military similarities despite the fact that there were many differences which existed. Paper was easier to manufacture than parchment and less likely to crack than papyrus, and could absorb ink, making it difficult to erase and ideal for keeping records. The Contrast Between Empires There were many empires that have a distinct background, the empires such as the Mughal Empire, Ottoman Empire and Safavids Empire. Learning Objectives. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Question: How did the Abbasid Caliphate differ from the Umayyad Caliphate? 4 How did the Abbasid dynasty differ from the Umayyad dynasty quizlet? Coin of the Abbasids, Baghdad, Iraq, 765 CE. The Mughal Empire is a Muslim state founded by Babur, which extended over India. The Abbasid dynasty embraced Islamic teachings with ultimate enthusiasm. From a historical point of view, two major dynasties are involved. In 786, he founded the Great Mosque in Crdoba. The Abbasids, who ruled from Baghdad, had an unbroken line of caliphs for over three centuries, consolidating Islamic rule and cultivating great intellectual and cultural developments in the Middle East in the Golden Age of Islam. Some differences in the two are government and religion. Sunnis further argue that a caliph should ideally be chosen by election or community consensus. Ali then took control, but was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt, and later by some of his own guard. Since much support for the Abbasids came from Persian converts, it was natural for the Abbasids to take over much of the Persian (Sasanian) tradition of government.
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