[377][380] The same festival sometimes marks different stories depending on the Hindu denomination, and the celebrations incorporate regional themes, traditional agriculture, local arts, family get togethers, Puja rituals and feasts.[376][381]. According to Klaus Klostermaier, the term Vaidika dharma is the earliest self-designation of Hinduism. [233] They worship the Supreme Being variously as Vishnu, Brahma, Shiva, or Shakti, depending upon the sect. The Sanskrit word dharma has a much broader meaning than religion and is not its equivalent. [19][23] There are six stika schools of Hindu philosophy, who recognise the authority of the Vedas, namely Snkhya, Yoga, Nyya, Vaisheshika, Mimms, and Vednta. (Sarada Devi was later deified and is still considered a saint by devotees who treat her as the Divine Mother. Renunciates receive high respect in Hindu society because of their simple ahis-driven lifestyle and dedication to spiritual liberation (moksha) believed to be the ultimate goal of life in Hinduism. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, the Vaishnavism tradition is the largest group with about 641 million or 67.6% of Hindus, followed by Shaivism with 252million or 26.6%, Shaktism with 30million or 3.2% and other traditions including Neo-Hinduism and Reform Hinduism with 25million or 2.6%. List of Hindu deities - Wikipedia [212][213][214] The idea of reincarnation and karma have roots in the Upanishads of the late Vedic period, predating the Buddha and the Mahavira. [152] He states that the shared theology, common ritual grammar and way of life of those who identify themselves as Hindus is traceable to ancient times. [224][225] The Rig Veda praises various deities, none superior nor inferior, in a henotheistic manner. [2][web 1][web 2] Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world. Haridwar: Police case after outrage in India over anti-Muslim hate Hinduism and Buddhism exerted an enormous influence on the civilizations of Southeast Asia and contributed greatly to the development of a written tradition in that area. [491] While these stages are typically sequential, any person can enter Sannyasa (ascetic) stage and become an Ascetic at any time after the Brahmacharya stage. [176] Dharma, according to Van Buitenen,[177] is that which all existing beings must accept and respect to sustain harmony and order in the world. [396][391] Kumbh Mela is another major pilgrimage on the eve of the solar festival Makar Sankranti. Hindutva Leaders at Haridwar Event Call for Muslim Genocide - The Wire Engaging Hindu Leaders | Center for Religion and Civic Culture [303] Also, a small community of the Afghan Pashtuns who migrated to India after partition remain committed to Hinduism. The son of a Brahman, he grew up in an atmosphere of piety Lala Lajpat Rai, Indian writer and politician, outspoken in his advocacy of a militant anti-British nationalism in the Indian National Congress (Congress Party) and as a leader of the Hindu supremacy movement. Shirdi Sai Baba, spiritual leader dear to Hindu and Muslim devotees throughout India and in diaspora communities as far flung as the United States and the Caribbean. [452], In accordance with ahis, many Hindus embrace vegetarianism to respect higher forms of life. [web 16], The words of the mantras are "themselves sacred,"[339] and "do not constitute linguistic utterances. [226] The hymns repeatedly refer to One Truth and One Ultimate Reality. [84] Many practitioners refer to the "orthodox" form of Hinduism as Santana Dharma, "the eternal law" or the "eternal way". Hindu beliefs are vast and diverse, and thus Hinduism is often referred to as a family of religions rather than a single religion. [web 20] [121] Most Hindu traditions revere a body of religious or sacred literature, the Vedas,[122] although there are exceptions. [491] Combined with four proper goals of human life (Purusartha), the Ashramas system traditionally aimed at providing a Hindu with fulfilling life and spiritual liberation. [162] The scope of Hinduism is also increasing in the other parts of the world, due to the cultural influences such as Yoga and Hare Krishna movement by many missionaries organisations, especially by Iskcon and this is also due to the migration of Indian Hindus to the other nations of the world. Indeed, seeing God in everything and everyone, he believed that all paths led to the same goal. [454][455] The food habits vary with region, with Bengali Hindus and Hindus living in Himalayan regions, or river delta regions, regularly eating meat and fish. [326] The Puranas, which started to be composed from c.300 CE onward,[327] contain extensive mythologies, and are central in the distribution of common themes of Hinduism through vivid narratives. Along with the various practices associated with yoga, some Hindus leave their social world and material possessions and engage in lifelong Sannyasa (monasticism) in order to achieve moksha. [web 23][web 24] Other styles include cave, forest and mountain temples. The history of Hinduism covers a wide variety of related religious traditions native to the Indian subcontinent. [130][131][132] Indus Valley Civilisation seal. The Hindus believe that this deepens the understanding of the eternal truths and further develops the tradition. The son of a shopkeeper, Tukrm was By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Western stereotypes were reversed, emphasizing the universal aspects, and introducing modern approaches of social problems. [388][389], Pilgrimage sites of Hinduism are mentioned in the epic Mahabharata and the Puranas. [470], Some Hindus such as those belonging to the Shaktism tradition,[471] and Hindus in regions such as Bali and Nepal[472][473] practise animal sacrifice. "Hindu nationalism" is a simplistic translation of (IAST: Hind rravda). Outline Hinduism portal v t e Hinduism ( / hnduzm /) [1] is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. [357][358] Hindu temples and domestic altars, are important elements of worship in contemporary theistic Hinduism. The Bhagavad Gita links body and mind to food one consumes in verses 17.8 through 17.10. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Hindu religious leader who introduced the practice of transcendental meditation (TM) to the West. They are, however, often distinguished from Ishvara, a personal god, with many Hindus worshipping Ishvara in one of its particular manifestations as their ia devat, or chosen ideal. Grihastha refers to the individual's married life, with the duties of maintaining a household, raising a family, educating one's children, and leading a family-centred and a dharmic social life. [285][297], Hinduism is traditionally a multi- or polyethnic religion. [34][35][36][37] Sources of authority and eternal truths in the Hindu texts play an important role, but there is also a strong Hindu tradition of questioning authority in order to deepen the understanding of these truths and to further develop the tradition. Haridwar: Police case after outrage in India over anti-Muslim hate RELIGIOUS LEADERS Ordained/Commissioned/Licensed Leaders In the U.S., a variety of traditional spiritual leadership terms are in use: Pujari: man specially trained to perform Hindu temple worship rituals, and is often referred to as a priest. Also known as: Gadadhar Chatterji, Gadadhar Chattopadhyaya. [490] [13] According to Brian K. Smith, "[i]t is 'debatable at the very least' as to whether the term Vaidika Dharma cannot, with the proper concessions to historical, cultural, and ideological specificity, be comparable to and translated as 'Hinduism' or 'Hindu religion'. [309] They are the two highest sources of dharma, the other two being ia chra/Sadchara (conduct of noble people) and finally tma tui ("what is pleasing to oneself")[note 28], Hindu scriptures were composed, memorized and transmitted verbally, across generations, for many centuries before they were written down. [14], Hinduism is a diverse system of thought marked by a range of philosophies and shared concepts, rituals, cosmological systems, pilgrimage sites, and shared textual sources that discuss theology, metaphysics, mythology, Vedic yajna, yoga, agamic rituals, and temple building, among other topics. Devi is depicted as in gentler forms like Parvati, the consort of Shiva; or, as fierce warrior goddesses like Kali and Durga. [397] This is one of world's largest mass pilgrimage, with an estimated 40 to 100 million people attending the event. [360] For instance, Aarti is offered to Hanuman, a devotee of God, in many temples, including Balaji temples, where the primary deity is an incarnation of Vishnu. [275][276] In contrast, according to Jones and Ryan, Shaivism is the largest tradition of Hinduism. [234][235][236], Hindu texts accept a polytheistic framework, but this is generally conceptualized as the divine essence or luminosity that gives vitality and animation to the inanimate natural substances. Valpey, Kenneth Russell; Gupta, Ravi Mohan (2013). [web 3], According to other scholars such as Kim Knott and Brian Hatcher, Santana Dharma refers to "timeless, eternal set of truths" and this is how Hindus view the origins of their religion. [361][362] Aarti can be used to make offerings to entities ranging from deities to "human exemplar[s]". This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramakrishna, IndiaNetzone - Biography of Ramakrishna Paramahansa, Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center of New York - Biography of Sri Ramakrishna, World Religious and Spirituality Project - Ramakrishna, Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission - Sri Ramakrishna, Cultural India - Reformers - Biography of Ramakrishna Paramhansa. The Nasadiya Sukta (Creation Hymn) of the Rig Veda is one of the earliest texts[223] which "demonstrates a sense of metaphysical speculation" about what created the universe, the concept of god(s) and The One, and whether even The One knows how the universe came into being. This absence of a formal name, states Sanderson, does not mean that the corresponding concept of Hinduism did not exist. Today there are four major sects of Hinduism: Shaivism, Vaishnava, Shaktism and Smarta, as well as a number of smaller sects with their own religious practices. [48] According to Gavin Flood, "The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu)",[44] more specifically in the 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I (550486 BCE). Hinduism specifically considers Bos indicus to be sacred. The Puranic chronology, the timeline of events in ancient Indian history as narrated in the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, and the Puranas, envisions a chronology of events related to Hinduism starting well before 3000 BCE. "[9], Whatever the case, many Hindu religious sources see persons or groups which they consider as non-Vedic (and which reject Vedic varrama 'caste and life stage' orthodoxy) as being heretics (paa/pkhaa). After a long pilgrimage, Ramanuja settled in Shrirangam, where he organized temple Vivekananda, Hindu spiritual leader and reformer in India who attempted to combine Indian spirituality with Western material progress, maintaining that the two supplemented and complemented one another. Ramatirtha, Hindu religious leader known for the highly personal and poetic manner in which he taught what he styled Practical Vedanta, using common experiences to illustrate the divine nature of man. R.C. [283][284], Shaivism is the tradition that focuses on Shiva. [378][379] Shaktism is also associated with Tantra practices. [431], Hindu society has been categorised into four classes, called varas. [486] Two major styles of Hindu temples include the Gopuram style found in south India, and Nagara style found in north India. There they became priests in a temple dedicated to the goddess Kali. Ramakrishna | Biography & Facts | Britannica Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Movement out of India that 'disseminates hate' victimizes religious Delhi, India CNN At a conference in India last month, a Hindu extremist dressed head-to-toe in the religion's holy color, saffron, called on her supporters to kill Muslims and "protect". The controversy started as an intense polemic battle between Christian missionaries and Muslim organizations in the first half of the 19th century, where missionaries such as. The Hindu calendar, Panchanga (Sanskrit: ) or Panjika is one of various lunisolar calendars that are traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with further regional variations for social and Hindu religious purposes. The epics consist of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. India - United States Department of State The Vedic view does not perceive this competition, equality of man to nature, or multiplicity so much as an overwhelming and interconnecting single divinity that unifies everyone and everything. The religious leaders called on Hindus to arm themselves for "a genocide" against Muslims during the meeting in the northern holy town of Haridwar in Uttarakhand in December, according to a police complaint. [521][515] In September 2021, the State of New Jersey aligned with the World Hindu Council to declare October as Hindu Heritage Month. Born into a poor Brahman (the highest-ranking social class) family, Ramakrishna had little formal schooling. Paul Horsch (Translated by Jarrod Whitaker), "From Creation Myth to World Law: The early history of Dharma", John Koller, Pururtha as Human Aims, Philosophy East and West, Vol. [65][66][67] According to Doniger, "ideas about all the major issues of faith and lifestyle vegetarianism, nonviolence, belief in rebirth, even caste are subjects of debate, not dogma. [333][334], Most Hindus observe religious rituals at home. [321][155] Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan states that the Upanishads have played a dominating role ever since their appearance. [127][web 12][128][129]. This true "Self" of every person, is called the tman. [360] Notable aartis include Om Jai Jagdish Hare, a Hindi prayer to Vishnu, and Sukhakarta Dukhaharta, a Marathi prayer to Ganesha. By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as a popular alternative name of India, meaning the "land of Hindus". Dasgupta received masters degrees in Sanskrit and philosophy from Sanskrit College in Calcutta. Ramakrishna, Hindu religious leader, founder of the school of religious thought that became the Ramakrishna Order. [425] Unlike the Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to the month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days)[426] and nearly 365 solar days, the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month, but inserts an extra full month, once every 3233 months, to ensure that the festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. [230][231][232] Dualistic schools (Dvaita and Bhakti) understand Brahman as a Supreme Being separate from individual Selfs. [114][115] According to the Supreme Court of India, Unlike other religions in the World, the Hindu religion does not claim any one Prophet, it does not worship any one God, it does not believe in any one philosophic concept, it does not follow any one act of religious rites or performances; in fact, it does not satisfy the traditional features of a religion or creed. [119], Theism is also difficult to use as a unifying doctrine for Hinduism, because while some Hindu philosophies postulate a theistic ontology of creation, other Hindus are or have been atheists. Hindu nationalism is a threat to Muslims and India's status as the world's largest democracy. Born into a wealthy landowning family, Tagore began Ramanuja, South Indian Brahman theologian and philosopher, the single most influential thinker of devotional Hinduism. The modern practice of yoga as exercise (traditionally Hatha yoga) has a contested relationship with Hinduism. Truly that Dharma is the Truth (Satya); Therefore, when a man speaks the Truth, they say, "He speaks the Dharma"; and if he speaks Dharma, they say, "He speaks the Truth!" [393][394][395] In these texts, Varanasi (Benares, Kashi), Rameswaram, Kanchipuram, Dwarka, Puri, Haridwar, Sri Rangam, Vrindavan, Ayodhya, Tirupati, Mayapur, Nathdwara, twelve Jyotirlinga and Shakti Pitha have been mentioned as particularly holy sites, along with geographies where major rivers meet (sangam) or join the sea. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In the goddess-based Shaktism tradition, avatars of the Devi are found and all goddesses are considered to be different aspects of the same metaphysical Brahman[251] and Shakti (energy). . The term Hinduism was first used by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 181617. [519], In the 20th21st century, many missionary organizations such as ISKCON, Sathya Sai Organization, Vedanta Society and so on. [270], Hinduism has no central doctrinal authority and many practising Hindus do not claim to belong to any particular denomination or tradition. [98] According to Vivekananda, there is an essential unity to Hinduism, which underlies the diversity of its many forms. [272] The denominations of Hinduism, states Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals practicing more than one, and he suggests the term "Hindu polycentrism". These texts include the Vastu shastras, Shilpa Shastras, the Brihat Samhita, architectural portions of the Puranas and the Agamas, and regional texts such as the Manasara among others. [citation needed], Hinduism is a major religion in India. [520] The revivalist movement was mainly started and encouraged by many organisations like RSS, BJP and other organisations of Sangh Parivar in India, while there are also many Hindu nationalist parties and organisations such as Shivsena Nepal and RPP in Nepal, HINDRAF in Malaysia, etc. Religious leaders, academics, and activists made inflammatory remarks about religious minorities. Yoga is means, and the four major marga (paths) of Hinduism are: Bhakti Yoga (the path of love and devotion), Karma Yoga (the path of right action), Rja Yoga (the path of meditation), and Jna Yoga (the path of wisdom)[441] An individual may prefer one or some yogas over others, according to his or her inclination and understanding. [445] Elaborate Tilaka with lines may also identify a devotee of a particular denomination. The Bhagavad Gita is an integral part of the Mahabharata and one of the most popular sacred texts of Hinduism. and is a special place where Hindus worship. Although the name Hinduism is relatively new, having been coined by British writers in the first decades of the 19th century, it refers to a rich cumulative tradition of texts and practices, some of which date to the 2nd millennium bce or possibly . [228] According to the monistic/pantheistic (non-dualist) theologies of Hinduism (such as Advaita Vedanta school), this Atman is indistinct from Brahman, the supreme spirit or the Ultimate Reality. [368][369][246] Bhakti-marga, states Pechelis, is more than ritual devotionalism, it includes practices and spiritual activities aimed at refining one's state of mind, knowing god, participating in god, and internalizing god. Many scholars have presented pre-colonial common denominators and asserted the importance of ancient Hindu textual sources in medieval and pre-colonial times: * Hinduism is the fastest growing religion in, Among some regional Hindus, such as Rajputs, these are called, Rigveda is not only the oldest among the vedas, but is one of the earliest, , Venkataraman and Deshpande: "Caste-based discrimination does exist in many parts of India today. Caste-based discrimination fundamentally contradicts the essential teaching of, For instance Fowler: "probably the oldest religion in the world". [262][263][264] The Yoga school of Hinduism accepted the concept of a "personal god" and left it to the Hindu to define his or her god. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [55][56][note 12] The use of the English term "Hinduism" to describe a collection of practices and beliefs is a fairly recent construction. All aspects of a Hindu life, namely acquiring wealth (artha), fulfillment of desires (kama), and attaining liberation (moksha), are part of dharma, which encapsulates the "right way of living" and eternal harmonious principles in their fulfillment. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping based on sidereal year for solar cycle and adjustment of lunar cycles in every three years, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start. [citation needed], Hindu architecture is the traditional system of Indian architecture for structures such as temples, monasteries, statues, homes, market places, gardens and town planning as described in Hindu texts. [90], Beginning in the 19th century, Indian modernists re-asserted Hinduism as a major asset of Indian civilisation,[72] meanwhile "purifying" Hinduism from its Tantric elements[97] and elevating the Vedic elements. It was also about this time that Calcutta newspaper and journal articles first referred to him as the Hindu saint or as the Paramahamsa (a religious title of respect and honour). Authority "was mediated through [] an intellectual culture that tended to develop ideas collaboratively, and according to the shared logic of natural reason. [citation needed], More generally, in the theistic schools of Hinduism moksha is usually seen as liberation from sasra, while for other schools, such as the monistic school, moksha happens during a person's lifetime and is a psychological concept. History of Hinduism - Wikipedia Born of a high-caste Ramana Maharshi, Hindu philosopher and yogi called Great Master, Bhagavan (the Lord), and the Sage of Arunachala, whose position on monism (the identity of the individual soul and the creator of Madhva, Hindu philosopher, exponent of Dvaita (Dualism; belief in a basic difference in kind between God and individual souls). [19][20] Hinduism prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings (ahis), patience, forbearance, self-restraint, virtue, and compassion, among others. [180], Artha is the virtuous pursuit of means, resources, assets, or livelihood, for the purpose of meeting obligations, economic prosperity, and to have a fulfilling life. The word Santana means eternal, perennial, or forever; thus, Santana Dharma signifies that it is the dharma that has neither beginning nor end. [123] These texts are a reminder of the ancient cultural heritage and point of pride for Hindus,[124][125] though Louis Renou stated that "even in the most orthodox domains, the reverence to the Vedas has come to be a simple raising of the hat". This concept presumes an unused human potential of creativity, compassion and understanding which had been previously blocked and shut out. [83] From tribal Animism to Buddhism, everything was subsumed as part of Hinduism. [10] The word 'Vaidika' in Sanskrit means 'derived from or conformable to the Veda' or 'relating to the Veda'. [457] Observant Hindus who do eat meat almost always abstain from beef. [207] The idea of reincarnation, or sasra, is not mentioned in the early layers of historical Hindu texts such as the Rigveda. Surveys studying food habits of Indians include: Blackwell's History of India; Stein 2010, page 107, Some Aspects of Muslim Administration, Dr. R.P.Tripathi, 1956, p. 24, Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization, Hindu nationalist parties and organisations, "Did the Hindus have a name for their own religion? Horned deities are a standard Mesopotamian theme. Hindu art encompasses the artistic traditions and styles culturally connected to Hinduism and have a long history of religious association with Hindu scriptures, rituals and worship. [453] Those who eat meat seek Jhatka (quick death) method of meat production, and dislike Halal (slow bled death) method, believing that quick death method reduces suffering to the animal. [343][344] The rites of passage are not mandatory, and vary in details by gender, community and regionally. Some Kashmiri scholars rejected the esoteric tantric traditions to be a part of Vaidika dharma. Hindu nationalism - Wikipedia [98] According to Flood, Vivekananda's vision of Hinduism "is one generally accepted by most English-speaking middle-class Hindus today". Moderates then, and most orthoprax scholars later, agreed that though there are some variations, the foundation of their beliefs, the ritual grammar, the spiritual premises, and the soteriologies were the same. [337], Vedic rituals of fire-oblation (yajna) and chanting of Vedic hymns are observed on special occasions, such as a Hindu wedding. [354][355], Bhakti is practiced in a number of ways, ranging from reciting mantras, japas (incantations), to individual private prayers in one's home shrine,[356] or in a temple before a murti or sacred image of a deity. [472] The sacrificed animal is eaten as ritual food. [383][384] The process or journey associated with Tirtha is called Tirtha-yatra. [250] The avatars of Vishnu are important in Vaishnavism theology. [web 9] Within each religion in this family of religions, there are different theologies, practices, and sacred texts. What is Hinduism? - BBC Bitesize The "One Truth" of Vedic literature, in modern era scholarship, has been interpreted as monotheism, monism, as well as a deified Hidden Principles behind the great happenings and processes of nature. Hinduism, according to Inden, has been neither what imperial religionists stereotyped it to be, nor is it appropriate to equate Hinduism to be merely the monist pantheism and philosophical idealism of Advaita Vedanta. After Ramakrishnas death, his message was disseminated through new texts and organizations. Within India, archeological and textual evidence such as the 2nd-century BCE Heliodorus pillar suggest that Greeks and other foreigners converted to Hinduism. 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Scholars like Adi Sankara affirm that not only is Brahman beyond all varas, the man who is identified with Him also transcends the distinctions and limitations of caste.
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